58. Propodial + epipodial versus manus length - (0) propodial +
epipodial longer; (1) manus longer. Utatsusaurus, Parvinatator,
and most outgroup taxa have the primitive state.
59. Radius peripheral ‘shaft’ - (0) complete or nearly complete;
(1) notch or largely reduced; (2) absent. The shaft of the long
bones became reduced in two different phases, peripherally
and contiguously, through ichthyopterygian evolution (Mo-
t a n i, 1997A). Also, these two phases started asynchronously
in various elements (M o t a n i, 1997A). Therefore, peripheral
and contiguous shaft reductions in various elements are treated
as separate characters. Although the degree of reduction
can best be described as a continuous transformation series,
such a character is not suitable for cladistic analyses. Therefore
each of these characters are given only three discrete
states. Also see Materials and Methods.
60. Radius contiguous ‘shaft’ - (0) complete or nearly complete;
(1) notch or largely reduced; (2) absent.
61. Radius L / W ratio - (0) longer than wide; (1) wider than long.
Epipodial elements are generally shorter in later ichthyosaurs.
However, because the length/width ratios of radius
and ulna show a continuous distribution among various ichthyosaurs,
it is difficult to delineate between different states.
The ratio seems to be roughly correlated with the degree of
shaft reduction, therefore it would be redundant to make a
separate character describing the details of length/width
ratio variation. Accordingly, RM only gives two discrete states
to the present character, which supplements the shaft characters
while not being redundant.
62. Ulna peripheral ‘shaft’ - (0) complete or nearly complete; (1)
notch or largely reduced; (2) absent.
63. Ulna contiguous ‘shaft’ - (0) complete or nearly complete; (1)
notch or largely reduced; (2) absent.
64. Radius / ulna relative size - (0) nearly equal; (1) radius much
larger than ulna. This feature is independent of character 51,
because a large ulna may have small articulation with the
humerus.
65. Radiale, anterior notch - (0) absent; (1) preaxially presents
66. Ulnare/intermedium relative size - (0) ulnare larger than
intermedium; (1) intermedium larger than ulnare; (2) intermedium
lost.
67. Manual pisiform - (0) present; (1) absent.
68. Mc I peripheral ‘shaft’ - (0) complete or nearly complete; (1)
notch or largely reduced; (2) absent; (3) mcl not ossified.
69. Me III ‘shaft’ - (0) present; (1) absent. [Callaway, 1989: character
33]
70. Mc V peripheral ‘shaft’ - (0) complete or nearly complete; (1)
absent; (2) me V not ossified
71. Manual digit II distal elements peripheral ‘shaft’ - (0) com-
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Petrolacosaurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 tf c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0- 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 i - 0 0
Thadeosaurus ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? 0 -0 0 0 1 1 0 0 à 7 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 * 0 0
Claudiosaurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Hovasaurus ? ? 7 ? 7 ? "7: 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 1 0 0 0. 0 ? 0 ? 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 H 0 7 0 0
Hupesuchus ? ? 7 7 ? ? 7 7 ? ? 7 7 ? ? ? ?-•' 1 0 J S ? 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
M’
0 0 0
Utatsusaurus ? 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 I I J 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
Grippia 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 ? 0 0 0 1 ? 1 X 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 p 2 0 1
Parvinatator 1 1 0 0 0 7 ? ? 7 ? ? ? 7 1 7. ? ? ? ? -H 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 1 0 i n
Chaohusaurus ? 1 1 2 1 7 ? 7 7_ 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 X 0 l ? 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 0 2 0 1
Cymb. petrinus 1 0 0 0 . 0 2 2 0 1 ? J * . 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 l 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ? 7 ? 7 ?
Cymb. buchseri ? 7 0 0 7 7 0 /1 ? ? 7 1 0 0 1 ? 1 1 l 1 0 ? ? 7 ;#■ 0 0 2 0 0 0 ? 7 ? 0 1
Mix. cornalianus ? 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 l 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ' 2 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1
Mix. atavus 1 2 0 0 0 ? 7 0 1 1 ? ? 7 ? 7 3 ? 7 ? 7 ? 7 4, 7 ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? 1 ■ %;.
Mix. nordenskioeldii 1 2 2 0 1 1 1 0 7 1 7 7 0 1 '7;s ? 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 s 0 0 0 1 0 2 0 1
Besanosaurus 1 0 0 ? ? 7 ? 7 7 ? 0 0 0 2 7 ? l 1 1- 0 7 ? 1 1 1 0 2 2 0 7 7 ? 9 1 -
Shastasaurus 1 0 0 0 0 7 7 7 1 if 0 /1 1 1 2 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 i# l 2 0 1 i 2 1 3 1 2
Shonisaurus 1 0 0 ? ? 2 2 0 ? ■ a 0 1 1 2 7 7 1 x À 0 0 0 7 2 ^ 0 $ 0 2 0 M 0 ? 3
Californosaurus ? 0 ? 7 ? ? ? 7 ? 7 0 0 0 3 7 7 2 2 i 0 ? 7 i 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1
1 1
1
3
Toretocnemus 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 ? 7 ? 7 7 2 7 ? 2 1 0 7 i ! 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 3 1 •2
Hudsonelpidia ? ? ? 7 7 ? 7 ? ? 7 7 ? ? ? ? " ? 2 2 0 n ? 0 1 2 1 /2 1 2 1 / 2 0 # _ 1 7 -3 1 1
Macgowania 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 7 2 1 0 3 ? 1 2 2 0 0 ? 0 1 1 1 /2 1 2 1 / 2 - 0 1 1 1 3 1 1
Suevoleviathan 1 0 0 0 7 7 0 7 7 7 2 X 0 3 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 1 1 1 3 1 1
Temnodontosaurus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 3 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 4 É 1 / 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 1 3 1 2
Leptonectes 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 3 0 1 2 2 0 0 i r:# 1 1 1/2 0/1 2 1 / 2 0 0 /1 1 1 3 1 : . r
Excalibosaurus 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 7 2 1 koi 3 0 1 2 2 0 1 ♦ 0 1 1 2 1 2 2 0 f- # 1 1 3 1 2
Eurhinosaurus 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 3 0 1 2 2 m 1 0 0 1 ;2 2 1 2 2 0 1 1 0 3 1 1
Ichthyosaurus 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 1 2 2 1 0 3 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 A É 0 i 0 /1 3 1 1
Stenopterygius 1 0 0 0 /2 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 3 0 1 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 1 2 ' 0 1 1 0 3 1 1
Brachypterygius 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 7 7 7 ? ? 7 7 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 '0 1 0 3 1 1
Oph thalmosaurus 1 0 0 ? 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 0 3 w 1 2 2 ■■■it 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 0 3 1 1
Caypullisaurus ? 7 ? ? 7 ? ? ? 7 2 2 1 0 3 7 7 2 2 0 0 1 1
0 /1
1 2 1 2- 2 1 0 1 1
0
3 1 1
Platypterygius 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 ? ? 1 0 3 7 ? 2 2 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 1 3 1 1
plete; (1) largely reduced or notch; (2) absent. The most distal
element of any ichthyosaurian fin may not have any ‘shaft’
left, or yet formed. This character therefore refer to elements
at about 80 percent count from the most proximal ones.
72. Manual accessory digit VI - (0) absent; (1) present. [M a z in ,
1982: char 4]
73. Manual digit S4-5 - (0) absent; (1) present.
74. Manual centralia - (0) present; (1) absent.
75. Manual anterior sesamoid e, and the digit distal to it - (0)
absent; (1) present.
76. More than one extra anterior digit - (0) absent; (1) present.
77. Maximum phalangeal count - (0) five or less; (1) seven or
more.
78. Interdigital separation - (0) present; (1) absent.
79. Forelimb / hindlimb ratio - (0) nearly equal or hind longer; (1)
forelimb longer but less than twice as hindlimb; (2) forelimb
longer twice as much as hindlimb. [C a llaw a y , 1989: character
26; Godefroit, 1993: character 5]
80. Iliac blade shape - (0) with thick shaft (Fig. 6F); (1) plate-like
1 (Fig. 6A-E, J); (2) narrow and styloidal (Fig. 61, K-L). [C a l l a way,
1989: character 24]
81. Iliac anteromedial prominence - (0) present (Fig. 6B, H-J); (1)
absent (Fig. 6A, C-G, K-L). Merriam’s (1902,1908) identifications
of the iliac orientation are inconsistent with each other,
which led Maisch (1998: 64) to doubt the homology of this
prominence between Californosaurus and Suevoleviathan. When
correctly oriented as in Fig. 6, the prominence is most likely
homologous between the two genera.
82. Thyroid fenestra - (0) absent; (1) one median opening (Fig.
5F-K); (2) Two openings, being medially separated (Fig. 5L-N).
83. Ischium-pubis fusion in adults - (0) complete; (1) absent (Fig.
5F-L); (2) present only medially (Fig. 5M); (3) present medially
and laterally (Fig. 5N). [Mazin, 1982: character 13]
84. Pubis, obturator foramen - (0) completely enclosed in pubis
(Fig. 5A, F-H); (1) mostly in pubis but open on one side (Fig.
5B, I-J); (2) part of obturator fossa (Fig. 5E, K-N). One possible
problem of this character is the distinction between states (0)
and (1), because the obturator foramen is incompletely closed
in small juveniles of Hovasaurus boulei while fully closed in
larger specimens (Currie, 1981). However, no fully closed
obturator foramina are known for Shastasaurus or Shonisaurus,
although known specimens are unlikely to be small juveniles.
[Callaway, 1989: character 25]
85. Pubis, styloid or plate-like - (0) plate-like (Fig. 5A-B, F-K); (1)
styloid (Fig. 5D-E, L-N).
86. Pubis/ischium relative length - (0) nearly equal or ischium
slightly larger than pubis (Fig. 5G-N); (1) pubis twice as large
as ischium (Fig. 5F).
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99100 101 102103 104105
Petrolacosaurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0' 0 0 0 0 7
Thadeosaurus 0* | 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 ' 0 ? 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . M 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 1
Claudiosaurus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 w 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 ? 0 0 0 1
Hovasaurus 0 # - 0 0 # 0 I 0 0 0 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? 0 0 0 0
Hupesuchus i 0 0 1 7 0 0 I I 1 ? 7 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 Ô 0 ? 0 0 0 1 0
Utatsusaurus 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 u 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Grippia 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 7 7 1 0 0 ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 7 1 l 7 0 7 1 0
Parvinatator 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 7 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? 7 ?
Chaohusaurus 0 0 ? 1 0 0 ? 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 1 7 1 1 0 0 7 7 ? 0 1 7 0
Cymb. petrinus 7 ? ? 7 0 ? ? 1 ? 1 u 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 0
Cymb. buchseri 7 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? 2 ? 1 ? ? ? 0 7 ? ? 0
Mix. cornalianus 0 0 0 4 0 :0,S 1 H 1 1 ? 1 1 0 0 -% 0 0 0 .0 0 0 1 ? 1 1 1 1 1. 1 0 1 1 1 0
Mix. atavus ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 7
Mix. nordenskioeldii 7 1 0 1 0 a 1 1 7 7 7 1 1 0 1 0 a 0 0 0 1 1 7 1. 1 1 n 1 7 1 1 1 7
Besanosauxys 7 7 7 1 ? ? 1 7 1 1 7 X 0 0 0 0 ? ? 0 0 1 ? J ? 1 0 1 7 0 ? 7 ? 1
Shastasaurus 7 0 0 1 a . 1 1 ? 1 1 ? l 1 0 0 0 0 ? ;l- 0 0 1 ? ? ? ? 1 0 1 ? 7 ? ?
Shonisaurus ? | 0 1 0 0 ? 7 1 1 1 7 1 1 0 0 0 0 ? 1 0 0 1 7 2 7 1 0 7 0 7 7 7 ? 1
Californosaurus 7 I I 7 1 ? 7 7 1 ? 1 0 1 ? 2 J ! 0 0 ? 7 0 t i 0 1 7 1 1 1 2 7 7 1 0 7 1 7
Toretocnemus 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 7 2 ? 1 1 0 0 0 0; 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 7 7 7 jjg i 7 1 7 7 ? . 7 7
Hudsonelpidia 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 7 2 i 7 1 2 1 0 s 7 0 0 0 1 1 7 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 1 7 7 7
Macgowania 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 ? ? 7 ? 7 ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 0 7 ? 7
Suevoleviathan 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 2 t 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 2 o # 1 1 0 7 1 1
Temnodontosaurus .1 /2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 St 1 i t 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 7 1 0 7 1 7
Leptonectes 2 0 0 1 0 ,0. 1 .1 2 2 1 2 2 /3 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 7 1 7
Excalibosaurus 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 7 1 1 1 7 7 1 7 7 7 7 7
Eurhinosaurus 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 /2 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 7 1 7
Ichthyosaurus 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 i l 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 (Vi <w 1 1
Stenopterygius 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 0 1 0 * § 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 <yi 1 1
Brachypterygius 2 1. ? 1 -■ it 0 1 1 7 ? ? ? ? 7 ? 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Ophthalmosaurus 2 i 0 1 1 0 1 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 4 0 1 0 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 ? 1 7
Caypullisaurus w I 0 1 1 1 1 1 •7 ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 1 ? ? 1 7 ? 1 7 0 7 7 7
Platypterygius 2 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 7 ? 7 1 1 2 7 7 ? 0 7 7 7