actual increase is thrice as great as the increase of
European Russia, where it only amounts to i per
-cent.
The annexation of fresh countries, and the colonization
of them by Russians, and by natives who come
from neighbouring states, during a period of 11 years,
increased the population in a three-fold degree,* in
■connection with which Kostenko points out that the
freshly-occupied provinces not only added to the
effective population of the country by nearly 60 per
cent., but that the relative positions of the settled and
nomad races, under Russian rule, became reversed, f
The density of the Turkistan population amounts
to only 7 per square mile, the thickest population
Reing found in the Zarafshan district, and next in
that of Ferghana. In the valley of Ferghana there
are 26, and in that of Zarafshan, 35 to the square
* The following table shows the increase of population from 1867 to
¿1877
Population. Proportion of Population
PER 1,000.
Year. Settled. Native.
Russian. Native. '"Settled. Nomad.
1867 24,689 146,650 887,975 23 138 839
1868 24,589 309,835 1,048,585 18 224 758
1869 3 1 .95 6 482,630 1,0 14,975 21 316 663
1870 30,815 531 ,790 1,031,585 19 334 647
1871 37,743 623,290 1,087,880 21 356 623
1872 38,726 645,108 T O95,43 1 22 363 615
i8 73 40,334 769,208 1 ,1 7 1 ,0 4 1 20 388 592
1874 44,995 787,188 1,194 ,84 1 22 388 590
i8 75 5 1 ,4H 907,262 1,2 76,730 23 406 571
1876 5M H 1,404,027 l , 38 t ,533 18 495 487
18 77 59 ,273 1,561 ,262 1,4 17,584 514 467
t In 1867 the nomads comprised from 70 to 80 per cent, of the entire
■population, whilst in 1877 the nomads were less than the settlers by
.200,000 souls, having sunk to 47 per cent, of the entire population.
A lso it is found that the increase of the settled population advances
.more rapidly than that of the nomads.
mile. The population of the valley of the Ili may be
compared with that of the Zarafshan, and a fair number
of inhabitants are found on the banks of the Chirchik,
Angren, and Keles, where there is abundance of water
to assist the labours of the agriculturist; but the bare
mountain tracts and the sandy, waterless steppes are
given up to the nomads. There are many places, however,
in Turkistan, such as the valleys of the Aris, Talas,
and Chu, that could well support a larger number of
both nomads and settlers than they now possess.
Throughout Turkistan the density of population is
higher, naturally, where the settled element preponderates
; * whilst, as regards locality of th.e population,
the number of inhabitants in the towns is 373.382,
and outside the towns 1,247,153 settlers, and 1,417,584
nomads, f Again, if we take the relative population,
* Kostenko, dividing the whole of Turkistan into unequal portions,
compares the cultivated region, consisting of Zarafshan, Ferghana, and-
two southern districts of the Syr-daria province, with the steppe
country consisting of the remainder of Turkistan, and shows the
relative number of inhabitants, and the corresponding development in
each of settled life, thus :—
P e r c e n t a g e o f P o p u l a t i o n .
Souls to Percentage
Area. Total. Settled. Nomad. square mile. settled.
Cultivated region !7 52 85 ~" 15 23 87
Steppe country . 83 48 15 85 4 17
f Thus :—
N u m b e r o f I n h a b i t a n t s .
P r o v in c e . In Towns.
Outside Towns.
Settled. Nomads.
SemirechiaJ
Syr-daria .
Ferghana . . .
Zarafshan . . .
Amu-daria .
37,822
146,272
133,278
55,051 '
959
89,239 ■
326,660
472,422
293,362
65,470
631,189
621,625
123,990
40,780
Total . ' 373,382 i ,247>i 53 ! ,4 i 7,584
I Including the Kuldja district, in which 14,633 souls live in towns, and 863,477
settlers and 61,550 nomads dwell outside the towns.