O B S E R V A N D A .
In proper names the letters should be pronounced as follows
■a as in father; e as in thire, i as in ravrne; o as in go; u as ii
fanar; and the diphthongs ai and ei as i in h/de. The consonant!
are pronounced as in English, save that kh is guttural, as ch in the
Scotch loch.
Unless otherwise stated:—
r. The dates are given according to English reckoning, being it
advance of the Russian by twelve days.
2. English weights and measures are to be understood.
3. Degrees of temperature are expressed according to the scale o|
Fahrenheit.
The ordinary paper rouble is reckoned at two shillings, its value|
at the time of the Author’s visit; but before the Russo-Turkish wai
in 1877, it was worth between half-a-crown and three shillings.
The Russian paper rouble (or 100 kopecks) equals 2 shillings English
silver „ 3 >>
vershok ,, 175 inches
arshin ,, 28 inches
sajen ,, 7 feet
verst (500 sajens) ,, "663 mile
desiatin (2,400 sq. sajens) ,, 2-86 acres,
sq. verst ,, '43949 ST m^e'
zolotnik (96 dols) equals 2^41 drams avoirdupois,
pound i4'43 ounces,
pood „ 36 lbs.
garnet „ 34 peck,
vedro „ 2 7 Imperial gallons,
3-25 gallons of wine,
chetvert „ 72 quarter.
For Asiatic moneys, weights, and measures, see p. 682.