The Philippines produced neither spices nor perfumes to divert attention from better
objects, while their rapacious pursuit engrossed the attention of the other nations,—
essentially demoralised, and rendered them very unsuitable missionaries for the
propagation of a new creed.
■ only Protestant native Christians of the Archipelago of any account are the
inhabitants of the Island of Amboyna, amounting to about 30,000. These belong to
the Lutheran reformed church, and are, with justice, considered as the most moral,
best educated, and best conducted people of the whole Archipelago. They are poor
and somewhat indolent, but their being so is little to be wondered at, when the only
staple product of their soil has, in one form or another, been a subject of public
monopoly for nearly three centuries and a half.
ÇIMARRONES. The name of one of the many tribes of the negros of the
Philippines, and said to be among the wildest of this race. They inhabit the mountain
of Isaroc, in the province of South Camarines, in the Island of Luzon, and also
certain mountains of the Island of Samar.
CINNAMON, the kayu-manis, or sweet-wood of the Malays. The true cinnamon
of Ceylon is certainly not a native plant of any island of the Asiatic Archipelago, nor
are the cinnamons of Cochin-China and China. Most of the large islands, however,
produce one, or perhaps several species, with little aroma, and consequently of little
value. A cinnamon of this description is produced in Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and
Luzon, but is described as most abundant in Mindano. Of late years, however the
cinnamon of Ceylon has been cultivated with some success in Java, and in the British
settlements in the Straits of Malacca, and as the climate is suitable and the plant a
hardy one, requiring but a moderate fertility of soil, it seems to be one of the exotics
most likely to succeed.
CIRCUMCISION. Circumcision in male children, and even excision in female
seem to have been very generally practised by the more civilised nations of thé
X hilippines before the introduction of Christianity, and what is moro strange, it
is still secretly practised, after near three centuries* conversion, among the same
people. There is, however, no proof of the existence of such practices among the
nations of the Malayan Archipelago before their conversion to the Mahommedan
faith, and now the rite is confined to males. The singular practice universal among
the wild tribes of Borneo seems to be akin to circumcision.
CITRON. Many species and varieties of this genus of plants are cultivated through
the Asiatic Archipelago, from Sumatra to Luzon. As far as can be judged by their
names, and we have no other evidence, some of these would appear to be indigenous
and some exotic. The practice of the native languages in this, as in similar cases is
to give a generic name to the whole family, and to add an epithet for each species’or
variety. In the Malay and Javanese languages the generic term is Jârok, equivalent
to the Citro of botanists. Thus the Shaddock or Pumplenoose is called “ the great
orange,” or “ the tiger orange,” or “ the orange of Bali; the common orange,” “ the
sweet orange,” m “ the orange of China or of Japan,” and the lime, the “ slender or
minute orange.” The generic term, in this case, is a native word, and differs in the
different classes of languages. Thus in the Philippine toDgues it is wholly different
from that in the Malayan, as in the Tagala where it is luoban, and the Bisaya, where
it is kayeli. Sometimes the Persian word limau, which has also been adopted in the
European languages, is used, as a synonym for the native one. I t may be inferred
from all this, that the shaddock, and probably some varieties of the sweet orange
are indigenous, while most of the latter have been introduced from China and
Japan. The lime may have been brought in by Mahommedan traders from Persia
or India.
CITY. In the languages of the Archipelago there are three native words and one
Sanscrit for village, but none for city or town, except nagara or nagri and kut’a or
kut’i, with pura in composition, which are all Sanscrit. I t would seem from this
that prior to the arrival of the Hindus, no assemblage of dwellings existed that
deserved to be distinguished from a mere village. See Town and Village.
CIVET. In Malay and Javanese this perfume is known by the native names of
rasé and d’ed’es, but the Sanscrit one kasturi, and the Arabic zabad, corrupted jâbad
are also used as synonyms. This article is produced by two distinct species of
Viverra, rasé and zibetha, which are kept in a half domesticated state for the
purpose of yielding it. The first is a native of Java, and the last of the other large
CL0VE_________ 101 CLOVE
S p t b I . f c ' E ' S S . i “ g,'“ ‘ lh" t"“* “ »' “ >*
S U f e M ? « rom a l™ . T ie clove belong, to the n . t r a l order of
Myrtles, and is pronounced by Rumphius, who lived and died in Ambovna in his tim e
seat of the growth and trade of cloves, “ the most beautiful, the most elegant and
a "w pr®010,us of »11 known trees.” The grace and beauty of the tree which
resembles a handsome and gigantic myrtle, will be readily admitted by all who h a v e
F ® SUpel;l0-r 7 alr e’ h0Wever- h„ad only reference to a factitious which no longer exists, for m point of true value it is greatly excellesdta etev eonf bthvi nthges
coco and sago palms which grow almost side by side with it,—which f e e / the
inhabitants of the countries which produce the clove, while they decline to use itself
even as a condiment The inflorescence of the clove consists o/term nal clusters and
commerce?" « “ ».
The clove is remarkable for its limited, fireosrra'Dhical diftfrihnHnn Tf in a i
j S i grown, and attains the highest perfection. There it bears in
and here the suitable climate seems to be wanting. “ t L c t v S ” s L He
“ which are used all over the world grow in the five i a Z X l u - l ’ 1 Barros,
and are not found to any extent in the others- and the tree we have named,
as they are of comparatively small ™l„» iS S i , fcl'ee,3 which produce them,
butor of created things, has confined them to the five°-Uf F-i ^ar®e’ so. ^ od> ^ e distri-
expresses himself to the “ame effect “ i f •- “ <1Uf tio n ’’ «nmphius
disposer of things in His wisdom, aliotting His g i ^ t ^ t h e T ^ Z ’l" th® #reat
world, placed cloves in the kine-dom of +Via m^i u seveial regions of the
industry can they be propagated®« perfectly cuWvS . ’^ H ebb^Amb ^ r / T “
It is very difficult to understand how the clove could have come ’ n’ j
a condiment by foreign nations, considering the w e ll -L c e rS d t h Z - t i.aS
t r 0th% Way’ by o?
must have been a K r T o f ™ ocUti^
n a tio n s ^ th e 1"w T te r /S o rB o S h taste/ 01\ the cl°™ ™uld most probably be the
the a rriv a l^ the Poidurae^e^vere ftmnd'cond ^ '’ aad Javanese/who, on
and who had been doinf so for ages Emm ft* ^r .?tage of the spice tradc>
who frequented the Archipelago wouid £ ' The “ d
the clove connect them im m e d ia te ly will, ? 6 dlfferent current names of
Not one of these belongs to the n a t iw t ! T*6 stranS®rs> their principal consumers.
cangkek, a n d th isw h ic hL sn o ttL sound of oUag??‘ The, “ ost frequent of them is
of the Chinese name tken^-hia wh iXl i tL l i “ Word,13 said to be the corruption
name is lawang, to which“ the m6anS - odorif®rous nails.” Another
“ flower” or “ fruit.” ThisTs - t f t m , “ Z Z f nilar cases> Prefix the words
vowel in the language of the ® c1^ Wlth th® loss of the final
ages as at present, havvee ccoonndduucctteedd ttlhme llaa rgest share 5o®f tpheeo tprlaed eo fb eIntwdieae>n w Ihnod iian aanlld