near two centuries have never succeeded in growing it for commercial purposes,
China, being now, as m the time of Charles the Second, the only country to furnish
the vast consumption of the world. Moreover, coffee is produced with less agricultural
skill than even wheat, and tea demands a great deal more. Coffee requires less
manipulation than the same corn, and tea a great deal more than any other vegetable
product used as food. To conclude, the successful growth of a few thousand pounds
of tea, supposing such to be the case, by a government, with the help of corvée
labour, would be no evidence of a successful culture of the same article as a legitimate
product of free labour and private enterprise.
TEAR (TECTONA). In Javanese and Malay the name of this celebrated tree,
which yields at once" the strongest and the most durable timber of all Asiatic, and
perhaps, also, even of all European or American woods, is Jati,—a word which, in
Javanese, signifies also “ true, real, genuine.” This tree, abundant in a few places, is
confined to a very few localities, both on the continent and islands. In the latter, it
is unknown to Sumatra, Borneo, and the Peninsula, and is limited to part of Java,
Sumbawa, and Mindano, which last is the only one of the Philippines that produces
it. Java is the only one of these that is known to yield it abundantly, or at least in
•which it is accessible for use in any abundance.
TEGAL, or, in the orthography assumed in this work, Tâgal, which in Javanese
means “ a field,” is the name of one of the provinces of the proper country of the
Javanese, situated on the northern sea-board of Java, bounded to the east by the
province of Pakalongan, to the west by that of Cberibon, and to the south by that of
Banumas. It is separated from the last by a mountain chain, the culminating point
of which is the mountain which is usually known to Europeans by the name of the
province, but is correctly Sâlamat. Next to Sumeru and Arjuna, it is the highest
mountain in Java, being 11,250 feet above the level of the sea. The greater part of
the province is a fertile alluvial plain, the whole of it containing an area of 850 square
miles, with a population of 293,996, or 345 inhabitants to the square mile. The census
of 1850, however, represents this population to have amounted to no more than
250,739, or to have fallen off by 43,257. In 1845, the number of its horned cattle
was estimated at 38,000, and of its horses at 8000. Its staple vegetable products, in
the same year, were estimated as follow,—namely, rice in the husk, about 250,000
quarters, equal to about one-half that quantity of clean corn; coffee, 4,488*000
pounds ; sugar, 4,615,000 pounds ; and tea, to the same extent as sugar. ’ '
TELHSTGA, ob EALINGA, in Malay and Javanese Ealing, the name of the nation
pf Southern India with which the Indian islanders have at all known times held most
intercourse, and through whom, it is believed, they received, in ancient times, the
Hindu religion, and some of the civilisation which belongs to those who profess it
See Kling.
TENGAR, ob TÂNGAR MOUNTAINS. The name of a group of mountains in the
eastern part of Java, Bituated in the provinces of Surabaya and Pasuruhan. The name
signifies “ wide, spacious.” My old and greatly esteemed friend, Hr. Thomas Hors-
field, has given the following excellent description of this singular mountain, or
rather cluster of mountains : “ This mountain,” says he, “ constitutes one of the most
remarkable volcanos of the island. It rises from a very large base by a gentle slope,
with gradually ascending ridges. The summit, seen from a distance, is less conical
than most of the other principal volcanos, varying in height at different points, from
7000 to 8000 feet. The crater is not at the summit, but more than 1000 feet below
the highest point, and consists of a large excavation of an irregularly circular form
surrounded on all sides by a range of hills of different elevations. It is by far thé
largest crater in the island, and probably exceeds in size every other crater existing
on the globe. I t constitutes an immense gulf, the bottom of which is level and
denominated by the natives the dasar (the floor). This is naked of vegetation' and
covered with sand throughout. In one portion, in the middle, the sand is loose', and
blown by the wind into slight ridges. To this the natives give the name of Sagara-
wftdi, literally, ‘sea of sand.’ The largest diameter of the entire crater is, according
to my estimate, full three miles. Erom the interior, near the middle, rise several
conical peaks, or distinct volcanos. The chief of these, the mountain Brama (in Sanscrit,
the god Brama, or fire), is a perfectly regular cone, and still in partial activity
with occasional eruptions. It is surrounded, on one side, by the sea of sand above
mentioned. Adjoining it stands another conical peak, more than 1000 feet high,
named Watangan (the Javanese Campus martius), or Widadaren (abode of celestial’
nymphs) covered externally with sand, quite naked, and, on account of its steepness,
the top has never been examined. At a small distance from the Brama rises a smaller
cone called Butak (‘the bald’). The two last have not exhibited any activity in
recent times.” To this account of the volcanic phenomena, Dr. Horsfield adds the
following observations on the soil and productions of the T5ngar valleys : “ The soil
of the Tenger hills is extremely fertile, consisting of a deep vegetable mould, accumulated
for many ages on the sand and debris thrown up from the mountain. Vegetables
of northern latitudes, potatoes, cabbages, onions, &c., &c., are planted by the
natives in great abundance, for the supply of the markets of Pasuruhan and Surabaya.
European fruits, as apples and peaches, are also raised, as well as wheat, and other
northern grains. Rice refuses to grow, and the coco-nut produces no fruit.”—
Geographical Preface and Postscript of Plantse Javani® rariores. 1852.
TENIMBER. This is a name of unknown origin or derivation given to a group
of islands in the Timur Sea, of which the only large island is Timur-laut. The
group forms the termination of the long chain of islets which extends east of Timur
towards the Aroes. It is composed of many islands, but five only are of considerable
Bize, namely, Timur-laut, Larat, Verdatd, Moeloe, and Cerva. The first is incomparably
the largest of these, being about 90 miles long by 30 broad in its widest
part. The area of the entire group has < been reckoned at 2400 square geographical
miles. They are all low, coral or madrepore-formed land, surrounded by reefs,
without harbour or shelter for shipping. The natives are of the Malayan race, with
goodly persons, and possess a considerable share of industry, raising farinaceous
roots and the coco-nut, and rearing hogs, goats, and the common poultry. They are
skilful fishermen, their seas abounding in fish. The Tenimber Islands form, at least,
nominally, part of the dominions of the Netherlands. The population of the group
has been reckoned at 22,000.
TENNASSERIM, in Malay TANAHSRI. Our name for this part of Pegu is
taken, directly, from the Portuguese Tanaseri. All our popular names for those
countries inhabited by the Burmese, Peguans, and Siamese seem to have come to us
through the same quarter, the original source being Malay, such as Siam from Siy&m,
Ava from Awak, Pegu from Paigu, and Martaban from Muritanau. At the time of the
arrival of the Portuguese in Malacca, a very considerable commercial intercourse is
described as existing between that place and the nearest parts of Pegu, then an independent
monarchy. Peguans are even described by De Barros as being settled in
Malacca, and among the auxiliaries who went to Muar in pursuit of the fugitive
king of Malacca, we find 300 Peguans. This state of things soon ceased under the
government of the Portuguese, nor has it, for reasons not easily understood, been
renewed under their European successors.
TENURE OE LAND. With the exception of the populous islands of Java, Bali,
Lomboc, and a few parts of the Philippines, the land is so superabundant, and the
population so small in relation to it, that the greater part of it has,in reality, no saleable
value at all. With the exceptions thus enumerated, no real or theoretic rent exists,
and the only value ofthe landfis derived from the labour invested in clearing it of forest,
in making it amenable to irrigation, in digging wells, and in the fruit trees planted on
it. All lands which have received a value from labour so invested, are a private
heritable property, or an heir-loom,—in the languages of the Malays and Javanese,
pusaka. If any public tax be imposed on such lands, it is taken in kind, and does
not exceed a tithe. Even the rude laws of the Malays proclaim this private
property in cultivated or reclaimed land, as the few following extracts from those of
Jehore will satisfactorily show. “ Land is of two descriptions, appropriated and unappropriated.
The last has no owner, and therefore cannot be a subject of litigation.”
f He who reclaims forest land, or builds upon it, shall not be molested in his possession.”
“ The proofs of land being appropriated are the presence of wells, of fruit
trees, or marks of tillage, and if any one intermeddle with such lands, he shall be
amenable to prosecution.” “ If any one trespasses on such appropriated lands, he
shall be fined ten mas, more or less, at the discretion of the magistrate, according
to the extent of the land.” “ If a man builds a house, and makes a garden upon the
appropriated land of another, not knowing that it had an owner, and the owner
return, he shall be entitled to one-third part of the produce.” “ If a man cultivate
the irrigated land (sawah) of another, not knowing it had an owner, he shall pay such
owner, as in the last case, one-third of the produce of the land.” “ If a man take
possession of the land of another, after it has been prepared for upland culture