(umah), he shall pay a fine of ten mas, and if a man seize upon such land forcibly,
he shall be fined one tail and one pita.” “ If neighbours unite for the purpose of
clearing, cultivating, and fencing a portion of forest land, and one out of- the number
neglecting the portion of the fence assigned to him, and cattle or wild hogs enter
and destroy the crop, such person so neglecting shall be compelled to make good the
crop which has been destroyed.” “ If a man steal the materials of a fence, and the
owner of it meet him, it shall be lawful for him to seize and bind the thief, to take
from him such articles as krises, hangers, or spears, and to carry him, if a free man,
to the magistrate, or if a slave, to his master.” “ If a man go to hunt with toils, or
nets, or decoys, or to fish in rivers or lakes, it .shall not be lawful for the chief in
authority over the land to hinder him, for the game he is in quest of are wild
animals.” “ If however a person rob a beehive on another’s land, without the knowledge
of the owner, it shall be lawful for the owner to seize and take such hive from
him, and the offender shall be further fined to the extent of half a tail. It is true
that bees are wild animals, but the hives had yielded the owner of the land a
regular and certain revenue.”
But the tenure of land stands on a very different footing in the populous islands
of Java, Bali, and Lomboc, and in the better peopled parts of the Philippines. In
Java, it far more resembles its state in several parts of Hindustan than that now
described. Here, a true rent, independent of the labour invested in the soil, has
immemorially existed. In the most fertile and populous part of the island, the
proper country of the Javanese nation, the greater part of this rent has, as in Bengal,
been absorbed by the state in the shape of a land-tax, under the native governments
usually taken in kind. In this manner little remains to the actual occupant or
cultivator beyond the right of cultivating, and the sovereign is virtually the proprietor.
In the mountainous and less populous country of the Sunda nation, a true
rent also exists, but by custom less of it is taken by the state as tax, and enough
remains with the occupant to make the land a saleable and heritable private
property, which it seldom is in the country of the Javanese.
It is only in the Philippines, however, that the land is a private property in the sense
in which that is understood in Europe, and unless in China, it is probably the only
populous country of eastern or central Asia in which such a tenure exists. It was of
course introduced by the Spanish conquerors, who found the country under-peopled
and occupied by rude tribes, with the greater part even of the best lands, as yet,
unreclaimed and wild. In such a state of society there was no rent, and consequently
no source of a land-tax, such as has immemorially existed in the old and
civilised countries of Asia. In lieu of it, the conquerors had recourse to a capitation
tax, which has been continued ever since, and no attempt has ever been made to
impose a tax on the land in any form whatsoever. The result of this is that land
has a value in the most improved parts of the islands, unknown in any,other country
of Asia. Thus in the province of Laguna in the island of Luzon a quinon of land,
a measure of 1000 square fathoms, each of three varas of Castille, sells for from
220 to 300 hard Spanish dollars, in that of Pangasinan at from 120 to 250, in South
Ilocos at 300, in that of Tondo, near Manilla, and in Bulacan at 1000, and in Balinag
at 500.Hlnforme solne el Estado, p. 629 and 633.
TERNATE, correctly TARNATE, one of the five original Molucca or Clove
Islands. I t lies on the western coast of the large island of Gilolo or Halmahera,
48 miles north of the equator, and in east longitude 127° 24/. This mere islet has
an area of no more than 11'5 square geographical miles. I t is, in fact, the mere
pedestal on which stands the active volcanic mountain of the same name, and which
rises to the height of 5750 feet above the level of the sea. De Barros gives a very
good account of this volcano on the authority of Antonio Galvao, who was captain of
the island in 1538. I t has produced during the Dutch occupation no fewer than
fourteen different eruptions, beginning with the year 1608, and ending with 1840.
In the eruption of 1840 the earthquakes lasted from the second to the fifteenth of
February, with intervals of a few hours only. The inhabitants fled to the sea-beach
or took to their boats. Every stone building in the town was overthrown, and the
people were on the point of abandoning the island altogether, a resolution to this
effect having been come to by the public authorities of the place, afterwards overruled
at Batavia. The loss of property amounted to 85,0007, a large sum for a very
small place. By a census taken in 1840, the population of the island amounted to
6710 souls, of whom 4071 were natives of the island, 1216 settlers from Celebes,
401 Chinese, 412 Europeans with their mixed descendants, and 581 slaves. But,
besides the inhabitants of Temate itself, there was dependent immediately on it a
population of 18,918, namely, in Gilolo, 3686; in Makyan, 6730; in the Xulla Islands,
10 769 • making a total of 36,397. Ternate is the seat of the Dutch administration
of the Moluccas. As is sufficiently known, the only staple product of its soil, the
clove that which brought it trade and civilisation, has been long extirpated. Sago
is now as it immemorially has been, the bread of the inhabitants, for rice is as much
a foreign and imported article as it is in Britain.
TEXTILE MATERIALS. As these are mentioned in their respective places, it
will only be necessary here to enumerate them. They are—cotton, the abaca or
textile banana, the pine-apple fibre, the rami or urtica estuans, the fibres of the coco
and gomuti palms, the paper mulberry or Broussonetia papyrifera, the bara or wara
(Paritium tileaceum), and, perhaps, the universal ratan. No animal fibre is ever
employed for textile purposes, except silk, and that is always imported.
TICAO. The name of one of the Philippine Islands forming, with the larger one
of Masbatd near it, a distinct, although small province. Ticao lies off the coast of
the extreme southern end of Luzon and nearly opposite to the fine bay and harbour
of Sorsogon, between the 12th and 13th degrees of north latitude. Its length is
about 25 miles and its extreme breadth about 10. I t is mountainous, and to judge
by its population, 2312, not fertile. Its chief town is named St. Jacinto.
TIDOR, correctly TIDORI, is one of the five original Molucca or Clove Islands.
I t is situated off the western coast of the large island of Gilolo or Halamahera, and
immediately south of Temate. I t is larger than that islet, but I have seen no statement
of its actual area. Like Ternate, too, its formation is entirely volcanic, and the
mountain of which it is chiefly composed rises to the height of 6000 feet above the
level of the sea, its extinct crater being 39 miles north of the equator and in east
longitude 127° 24'. The population of Tidor itself, according to a census made in
1840, was 5924, of the territory belonging to its prince in Gilolo 3937, and in New
Guinea and its adjacent islands 10,000, making the total population subject to this
petty tributary of the Netherland government 19,861 souls. Tidor was the Clove
Island visited by the companions of Magellan, at which they were so hospitably
received, and at which the celebrated ship “ Victoria,” that accomplished'the first
circumnavigation of the globe, obtained the cargo of spices which she succeeded in
conveying to Spain. This was in 1521, about 10 years after the arrival of the Portuguese
in the Moluccas. The people of Tidor had, at this time, been but recently
converted to the Mohammedan religion, in which, however, they have since persevered
after a lapse of more than three centuries. This is Pigafetta’s account of the
transaction: “ Hardly fifty years have elapsed since the Moors conquered (converted?)
Malucco and dwelt there. Previously, these islands were peopled by Gentiles only,
who did not appreciate the clove. There are still some families of these fugitives in
the mountains exactly where the cloves grow.”—Primo Viaggio, p. 161. This statement
is, in some respects, not quite correct. I t is true that the natives set no value
on the clove as a condiment, which is the case even at the present day, but for ages
it had been an article of trade with strangers, and gave their whole importance to
the petty islands which produced it, and without which, they would have been
inhabited only by a few wretched fishermen.
TIGER. This dangerous animal is too frequent in the peninsula, Sumatra, and
Java, but wholly unknown in all the other large islands of the Malay Archipelago,
nor does it even exist in the small islands near those mentioned, except where
accident has introduced it, as in the case of Singapore. In the Philippine Archipelago
it is wholly unknown. The tiger of the Malayan countries is the same as that of
India. In Malay, the name for it is arimau, and by elision of the initial vowel, a
frequent practice of the language, rimau. In Javanese, the most frequent name
for it is machan, occasionally used also by the Malays, but it has four others, sima,
from singah, a lion, sridula and mong. The three first of these are Sanscrit, and the
last native, probably taken from the roar of the animal. But the royal tiger is the
type which, in the native languages, furnishes the generic name of all the larger feline
animals, the others being designated by adding an epithet. Thus, the leopard is
called by the Javanese machan tutul, or the “ spotted tiger,” and the Malays call a
kind of tiger cat arimau-akar, which may be rendered “ the scandent or climbing
tiger.” The tiger itself, to distinguish it from the rest of the family, is designated
arimau-tunggal, which signifies “ the unique tiger, or the tiger itself”
TIMBALAN, written in our charts Tambalan, is the name of a small group of