is a spur of the Western Cordillera, called Saguey. They are of the brown-com-
plexioned race, and of a tolerably peaceable character. They tattoo the person with
the figures of flowers, and wear ear-pendants, commonly of wood, a slender foundation
for believing them, as some Spanish writers have done, to be a mixed race of South-
Sea islanders and men of Luzon.
BUSiJAGAN. The name of the largest of the cluster of islands called the
Calamianes, from the name of one of their number. Its centre is in north latitude
12° 8' and east longitude 122° 51'. Its length is three leagues, its breadth two, and
its circumference ten leagues. The land is represented as fertile, and capable of
producing abundantly, but the seed and crop are said to be devoured by inuumerable
animals, such as deer, wild hogs, porcupines, squirrels, rats, parrots, and pigeons.
For this reason the natives content themselves with raising a small quantity of rice,
and live chiefly by the fishery of the holothurion, or sea-slug, called in the Philippine
languages Balate, and in the perilous labour of collecting the esculent nests of the
swallow in the caverns which are frequent in the Calamianes Islands.
BUTTJAN. A large bay on the northern side of the island of Mindano, the
innermost part of which is in latitude 8° 64' north, and longitude 124° 5' east. This
bay receives the surplus water of the large lake of Sapongan, which issues from it in
a single river, which divides into three branches before falling into the sea.
BUTTJAN. The name of a Spanish town and district lying on the bay of the
same name, and in the province of Caraga. The town is situated on the right bank of
one of the branches of the river which proceeds from the lake of Sapongan. As far as the
town, a distance of a league and a half, the river is navigable for vessels not exceeding
100 tons’ burden. The town is situated in an open plain, and has a temperate and
salubrious climate. Along with the district annexed to it, it contains 1634 houses of
perishable materials, and a population of 9804 souls. The only product of the
country that is abundant is the sago-palm.
BTJYO. The name given in the Philippine Islands to the betel pepper, the sirih
of the Malays, and piper betele of botanists.
c.
CACOA (THEOBROMA). The chocolate plant is unknown as an object of cultivation
in every part of the Asiatic Archipelago except the Philippines, and of late
the northern peninsula of Celebes. In most of the Philippines it is cultivated, but
only for home use, and the quality produced is inferior to that of Guayaquil and
other parts of America. That of the island of Qebu is the best, being worth from 15
to 20 per cent, more than the produce of the other islands.
CAGAYAN. One of the 20 provinces of Luzon, and occupying a large part
of the northern end of the island. It is bounded by the province of Nueva Eeija,
which was formerly a part of it, by Abra, Nueva Yiscaya, and the sea. It extends
from 17° 10' to 18° 40' north latitude. From east to west its extent is 26 leagues,
and from north to south 25, and it is estimated to contain an area of 7585 square
geographical miles. The Cordillera of Caraballos, and the Sierra Madre, with several
minor ranges of mountains, pass through it from south to north. Cagayan has one
large lake of the same name, 2 | leagues in length, 2 in breadth, and twelve in
circumference. Of this, the surplus waters are conveyed to the sea by a considerable
river, having a course nearly due north. It has many other rivers, five or six of
which are of considerable size. Its largest, and also the largest river of the island,
is that which the natives, after the places it passes by, call the Sallo and the Aparri,
but to which the Spaniards have given the name of Tajo, after the celebrated Iberian
stream, the Tagus. This has its source on the northern acclivities of the chain of
mountains called the Caraballos sur, and after passing through the provinces of Nueva
Ecija and Nueva Yiscaya, it traverses that of Cagayan. Its whole course, until it
empties itself in the sea, where it forms the port of Aparri, is reckoned at 55 leagues.
I t is navigable for vessels of about 200 tons’ burden for a considerable distance, but
in the season of the rains the navigation is rendered dangerous by frequent drifted
timber. The Tajo and its many tributaries abound in fish, which everywhere form
so large an amount of the sustenance of the inhabitants of Luzon.
This province has abundant mines of iron-ore and gypsum, and gold is collected
by washing the sands of several of its rivers. The mountains are covered with
forests, which contain much useful timber for building, with ebony and sapan-wood.
The wild game of these forests are deer, buffalos, hogs, and the common fowl. The
climate, as might be expected from its locality, is the coldest of the Philippines
frequent hail-showers being experienced. I t is also humid and stormy, and being
subject to malaria in several situations, is considered the least healthy of the island
of Luzon.
Notwithstanding the generally mountainous character of Cagayan, it has many
fertile valleys, which produce rice, wheat, maiz, indigo, sugar-cane, and tobacco the
last considered the best of the Philippines. It has also some extensive plains on
which are bred herds of horses and oxen for the market of Manilla. Maiz is ’the
principal crop and chief bread-corn of the inhabitants, a fact which indicates the
general prevalence of high and mountainous land. The people have the reputation
of being brave, superstitious, and honest, possessing the last quality more especially
m so eminent a degree that thefts and robberies among them are of very rare occurrence.
They are considered to make the best soldiers for the military service of the
government, and are in repute as domestic servants in Manilla, to which they repair
poor and half-naked, in search of employment, much as the labouring population of
Ireland does to the towns of Britain. Within this province are situated many of tho
wild tribes, both brown-complexioned and negro. Of the first, for example, there are
the Igorrotes, called also the Apayos, the Calanas or Calanes, the Aripa, and several
less numerous tribes. Some of these are supposed by Spanish writers to be of the
Malay race, and others of the Chinese ; the last, most probably, without any good
foundation Exclusive of these wild tribes, the province in 1849 contained a popu-
T T r t / f ’S o « ’ ? T T 15,522 Were subJect t0 th e capitation-tax, which
*1 r P .a.te‘ glves the reIative population of no more
.11 a to the square geographical mile, a very poor one compared to that of other
H lslanf Thl® is accounted for by the mountainous character of much
remoteness of the country, the absence of roads, and the tempestuous
Cï a/ af r sea’ witlx the turbulence and iudocility of the manv
wild independent tribes contained within it. The population, howeverf appears To“ e
rapidly increasing; for in 1818 it amounted to no more than 61,322, which would
show an increase of nearly 40 per cent, in about 30 years.
CAGAYAN SULU, the Cagayan de Jolo, th a t is, the Cagayan belonging to
Sulu of the Spaniards, is an island lying to the north of Borneo, and about 17 leagues
distant from the Cape of Sugut m that island. It is about 10 miles in length fry 7
in breadth, and lies in north latitude 7°, and east longitude 118° 36'. Cagayan is
surrounded by several islets, but it alone is inhabited. The whole group is E e d
as part of the dominions of the Sultan of Sulu. P 01aimed
CAI EPTnT- ^ o p t i o n of the Malay words kayu-putih, literally “ white wood ”
tTTwT8! °Ur ° k of the tree whieh produces the well-known essential oil
the Melaleuca cajeput of botanists. I t most abounds in the island of Boeroe in thé
Molucca Sea, where the essential oil is obtained by the distillation of the leaves.
F 1* n,a™e o f one o f tb e h e s t tim b e r - tr e e s o f th e P h ilip p in e
Islands, th e wood of which is largely employed by th e natives in th e fabrication of
domestic utensils and agricultural implements.
CAiT v nA N E S j „The name of a SrouP of islands among those called the Bisavas
I t extends’ from n T th ’latitude^ 10^ 1 l ^ ^ ^ T n T T o i n ^ 1 0 Philippines.
n amTto°the6movfocelaBd ° f PalaWanRor Paragua>t>he island of CalTnian Thfoh gives
■“ “ *>> ;» *P P ~ * n c . m o „ JikTt. r,„k
y p y canes and ratans. These abound in all the forests of the Asiatic