there are five in Java, two of them only considerable ; three in Madura, two in the
group of islands at the eastern end of the Straits of Malacca, three in Borneo, two in
the Moluccas, four in Celebes, one in Sumbawa, and one in Sumatra.
JAYAKUSUMA. The name of an ancient king of the state of Janggala in Java,
situated in the present province of Surabaya. This prince is supposed to have reigned
about the beginning of the 12th century, and is of great celebrity in Javanese and
Malay romance, but nothing authentic is really known regarding him.
JIMAJA, correctly Jâmaja, the name of a small island, one of the group in the
China Sea, called in our maps, the Anambas. See Anambas.
JOBIE. This is the name which European navigators have given to a long narrow
island, extending east and west for ninety miles, and situated in the great bay of
Qeelvink on the northern side of New Guinea. The land is high and the inhabitants
are negros, but this is all that is known about it, which is much less than we know
of almost any small island of the Pacific.
JOHOL. The name of one of the small inland Malay states of the peninsula of
Malacca, claiming to derive their origin from Menangkabo in Sumatra. I t lies
between the British territory of Malacca and the Malay state of Pahang on the
eastern side of the peninsula. It contains a large lake, called that of Brau, alleged
to be 50 miles in length, but probably with exaggeration. The waters of this lake
are discharged into the China Sea, by the river on which stands the town of Pahang.
The country produces gold and tin, but these are not washed to any extent, the
working of them being confined to the native inhabitants. The whole population of
this state, including that of Jompol, which is tributary to it, has been estimated not
to exceed 4000.
JOHOR. The name of the Malay state, which embraces the southern end of the
peninsula of Malacca, and which has to the north the British territory of Malacca for
its boundary on the western coast, and that of the Malay state of Pahang on the
eastern. The country takes its name from the town, which was founded by the
Malays in 1512, after their expulsion from Malacca by the Portuguese in the previous
year. Besides the continental territory, the state includes the many islands on its
coasts, with the exception of the few belonging to England and Holland. The area
of the whole territory is probably not less than 10,000 square miles, while its computed
population does not exceed 25,000, or 2^ inhabitants to the square mile. The
country, in fact, with the exception of here and there cleared paths on the banks of
its rivers, is one immense jungle, and there is no evidence in the shape of temples,
tanks, or other structures, to show that it was ever otherwise. Mr. J. R. Logan, who
visited it in 1847, gives the following faithful and graphic account of its present condition.
ei The scene is not without its saddening aspect. Within eight and twenty
miles of a vigorous and populous British settlement (Singapore), and at the entrance
of a strait, through which 1500 vessels annually pass, the eye may search in vain
all round for a single hut. Perfect solitude rests both on the sea and jungle. Hot a
single fisherman's canoe is to be seen afloat, not a single coco-nut tree rising along
the beach. The chief town of Johor-lama is situated about 20;miles up a very considerable
river, and what was once a capital is now a miserable village of five and
twenty houses, of perishable materials, and without a vestige of any permanent
buildings.” The principal inhabitants of Johor consist of Malays, and the wild
uncultivated tribes of tbe same race, and speaking t te same language, knosvn by
the various names of Jakun, Bânua, &c. &c. The larger animals of the forest, namely,
two species of the ox, the elephant, the tapir, the hog, the rhinoceros, and above all
tbe tiger, are probably far more numerous tban its buman inhabitants. Tbe only
sign of vitality which it has of late years exhibited oonsists in the settlement of
Chinese emigrants from Singapore in quest of fresh lands for the growth and ^manufacture
of gambir or terra-japonica. The country produces alluvial gold and tin, but
washed to a very small extent. I .
From 1512 to 1810, there reigned in Johor fourteen princes, giving an average
duration of 21 years to each reign. The prince who died in the last of these years
left two sons, who disputed the succession. It suited the policy of the English and
Dutch governments to take, each, one of the rivals as its protégé, and hence the
cession of Singapore to the first, and of Rhio to the last. Both princes are now
pensioners, the protégé of the English claiming sovereignty over the forests north of
the Straits of Singapore, and he of the Dutch, those to the south of it, as laid down
by the convention of London of 1824.
JOLO. The name by which the Sulu or Suluk Islands are designated by the
inhabitants of the Philippine Islands and Spaniards. See Suuj.
JUAN (San), called also Guajan and Guan by the Spaniards, the Guam of our
maps, one of the Ladrone or Marianne Islands. See Mariannes.
JUAN (San). The St. John of our maps. The most easterly island of the
Philippine group, lies on the eastern side of the great island of Mindano, and
separated from it by a strait 3 | leagues broad in its narrowest part. I t lies between
north latitude 7° SI' and 8° 57', and east longitude 125° 50' and 126° 40'. Its length
from east to west is 22 leagues, and its average breadth 15, giving it an area of
830 leagues. Its northern and eastern coasts are rugged and precipitous, but its
western has some roadsteads affording shelter during the north-easterly monsoon.
The interior is rough, craggy, and covered with forest. San Juan appears to be
eminently sterile, and it is remarkable that so large an island should be, as it is, uninhabited,
and frequented only by a few fishermen during the north-eastern monsoon.
JUAN DEL MONTE. The name of a sanctuary of great celebrity in the island
of Luzon and metropolitan province of Tondo, belonging to the order of the
Dominicans. The building, of solid masonry, is situated on a hill on the banks of an
affluent of the river Pasig. Near to it is a mineral spring of great reputation for its
sanative qualities, and the surrounding country being beautiful and picturesque, the
sanctuary, which is very spacious, is much frequented by the inhabitants of Manilla,
who are conveyed to it all the way by water.
JUNK, from the Portuguese junca, a corruption of the Malay and Javanese
word ajong, abbreviated jong, a ship or large vessel. Europeans have applied the
name to the largest of the trading vessels of the Chinese, which are called by the
Malays wangkang, while they designate the smaller vessels of the same people, top.
K.
NADIRI. The name of a province of Java in the proper country of the Javanese
nation. I t is bounded to the east by the provinces of Malang and Pasurahan, to the
west by those of Madiyun and Pachitan, to the north by the province of Surabaya,
and to the south by the ocean, the Sagara-kidul or “ south sea” of the Javanese.
Kadiri is a rich alluvial plain, lying between the mountains Walirang, Kawi, and
Arjuna to the east, and Wilis to the west. The last is the lowest of these mountains,
and has a height of 7957 feet, while the highest, Arjuna, is 10,350 feet above the
level of the sea. The river Brantas, the second in magnitude of the island, has its origin
m and passes through a great part of the province. Kadiri has an area of 2054
geographical square miles, and by the census of 1850 had a population of 240,766
inhabitants;—therefore, a relative one of about 112 to the square mile. A great part
. ? PJ°v™ce, in fact, is still covered with forests, 217 square miles of which
consist of teak. The number of horned cattle has been reckoned at 58,600, and of
horses at 14,000. Kadiri was the seat of one of the most renowned of the ancient
kingdoms of Java—Daa—renowned in Javanese story. That this state had attained
a very considerable amount of civilisation is attested by the many Hindu remains
which still exist in it, consisting of well-constructed temples—some of hewn trachite
and some of brick, with images and inscriptions in the ancient Kawi. The tlmn
however m which it flourished cannot be correctly ascertained, but is with most
probability to be ascribed to the eleventh and twelfth centuries of our time.
Dutch orthography Kadoe, is the name of a beautiful, fertile,
and highly cultivated province of Java. Kadu, in Sanscrit, is “ the dragon’s tail,”
one ot the nodes of the moon in Hindu astronomy, and hence probably the designation.
The province is a valley lying between the mountains Marapi and lUbabu
to the east, and Sumbmg and Sundara to the west, the lowest of these, Marapi, an
active volcano, being 9250 feet high, and the highest, Sumbing, 11,000. To the east
it is bounded by the province of Pajang, to the south by Mataram, to the west bv
Baglen and Bahamas and to the north by Pakalongan and Samarang. Kadu has an
area of 631 miles, and by the census of 1845 had a population of 457,035, giving 724
to the square mile, except Japara, another province of Java, probably the largest
rural population of any country of Asia, unless of some parts of China. I t is to be
observed, however, that this population had by the census taken in 1850 declined to
o