the bay of this name at the north-western side of the island, and in the Spanish
province of Caraga. A Spanish settlement, consisting of about 120 houses, with a
church, has been formed on the lake at the issue of the Butuan from it, the object of
which was to prevent the descent of the Moorish robbers to the low country by the
river, as well as to check the incursions of the wild mountaineers of the neighbourhood,
called Manubo, who, however, have of late years begun to embrace Christianity.
LINGAYEN. The name of an extensive hay on the western side of the island of
Luzon, between the 16 th and 17th degrees of north latitude, and within the provinces
Pangasinan and Zambales. I t is 34 geographical miles in extent from north to south,
and 37 from east to west, with a coast line of 99 miles. Within it are many small
islands.
LINGAYEN. The name of the chief town of the province of Pangasinan, in the
island of Luzon. It is situated on the southern shore of the gulf of the same name
above-mentioned, near one of the mouths of the river Aguo-grande, in north latitude
16° 1', and east longitude 115° 55', distant from Manilla 35 leagues. It contains 3459
houses, and in 1845 had a population of 20,972 souls, of whom 2856 paid tribute
which amounted to 28,560 reals of plate. Lingayen is one of the largest towns in the
Philippines, and is a place of considerable trade.
LINGIN,—in Malay, correctly, LINGGA. The name of one of the largest of the
multitude of islands by which the eastern end of the Straits of Malacca is crowded.
‘ I t extends from the equator to 20 miles south of it, and is estimated to have an area
of 286 square geographical miles. Its highest mountain rises to the height of 3755
feet, and is consequently the most elevated land of any of the islands within the
Straits of Malacca. Nearly the whole island is covered, like the others in its neighbourhood,
by an ever-verdant forest, the inhabitants consisting, on the coast, of a
few Malay fishermen and in the interior, of some wandering tribes of savages of the
same nation. Lingin forms a part of the territories of the kings of Johore, and is
consequently under Dutch protection.
LION, in Malay and Javanese, SINGA, from the Sanscrit, ju s t as our own name
is from the Latin. The lion is a mere myth to all the inhabitants of the Archipelago.
The word is chiefly found in composition in the names of places and the titles of
persons, as in the examples Singapura, “ lion city,” the name of the British emporium;
Singasari, “ lion flower,” the name of some ancient Hindu ruins in Java; and Singa-
nagara, “ lion of the city,” the name of one of the public executioners under the
native governments of Java.
LITERATURE. All the nations of the Malay and Philippine archipelagos
possessing a written character, have some writings which may be called a literature;
but as far as is known to Europeans, the Javanese, the Balinese, the Malay, and the
Bugis of Celebes, are the only people that have a considerable number of written
compositions. Those of the Javanese are certainly the most remarkable. They exist
in two different languages, or perhaps rather dialects,—an ancient and recondite one,
and a modern or popular. The first is commonly known under the name of kawi,
a Sanscrit word signifying “ narrative.” The second, its correlative, goes under the
name of jawi, a rhyming form of the word Jawa or Javanese, which in contradistinction
to the recondite language, may be translated the vulgar tongue.
All Javanese literature is in verse; that in the recondite language being in Sanscrit
metres, and that in the vulgar tongue in rhyming measures peculiar to Java. Prose
writing is unknown to the Javanese except in epistolary writing, grants of land, and
the like. Most Javanese works are narratives, and of the character of romances, the
names by which they are known, indeed, which are the native word konda, and the
Sanscrit charitra, signifying a tale or story. Their subjects are taken either from the
mythology of the Hindus, or from the ancient and almost mythic history of Java,
Of the first description are paraphrases of the celebrated Hindu epics, the Mahabarat
and Ramayana; the first containing the wars of the descendants of Barat, and the
last the adventures of the demigod Rama. These two poems are to the Javanese and
Balinese, and even to the Malays and other nations of Sumatra, what the Iliad and
Odyssey were to the Greeks and Romans, the chief source of their ancient mythology.
Of the tales founded on local story, the main subjects are the adventures of certain
princes called Panji. But besides mere romances founded on Hindu or ancient
native story, the Javanese possess narratives of their modern history, of somewhat
more authenticity. These are known by the two names of s&jarah, and babad; the
first signifying annals or chronicles, and the last the cutting down and clearing
O f a forest. Works on
literature, under the name of Paew^ Uran, and r ^ p e n , the last seldom, however,
and songs kno 7 ancient manuscripts only have been discovered in
under the Hindu enics already mentioned,—from the local legends of Java,
E ^ £ S haZ c i ^ p e “ tion°s
’oi'no ancient^aiTuscrfytei nll in the Arabic character, is certainly not of greater antiquity than tt^hheeiirr ^ccoonnvv er-
S o n to the Mahommedan religion: indeed, the earliest recorded specimen of it is
the vocabulary of the Italian Pigafetta, collected in the Moluccas in the year 1521,
during the first navigation round the world. doubt
The literature of Bali is in the Kawi, or recondite language of Java, and no douDt
, j, +v,nt o f the larver island. The Bugis of Celebes have a considerable
b X o H i t e rX r t consi^ng^Hkethat of the Javanese and Malays, for the most part
of romancesZ 2 of them founded on local legends, while others are paraphrases of
Javanese and Malay works. Very little, however, is known of the literature of this
neonle as no competent European has hitherto made their language his study. Th
literature of the nations of the Philippine Archipelago, the ru d e sto fa llth e l^opleof
the Indian islands who had invented letters, is said to be confined to a few songs.
Examples of these, but without translations, have been given by Spanish grammarians,
b o that their merits or demerits cannot be tested.
LOKON. The name of a mountain 5250 feet high, and with a a active volcano in
the northern peninsula of Celebes, and in north latitude 1 25'.
LOMBATA. The name of a considerable island lying between Eloris and Timur,
and containing an area of 396 square geographical miles.
LOMBOC. This is the second island due east of Java, and lies between the
islands of Bali and Sumbawa, divided from the first by a strait from f o ^ t o five and
from the last by one from two to three leagues broad, respectively called the Straits
of Lomboc and of Alas. To the north, Lomboc is washed by the Sea of Java, and to
the south by the Pacific. The name of Lomboc, or as he writes it, Lomboch, is mentioned
by Pigafetta, in 1522, or within eleven years of the first appearance of Europeans
in the waters of the Malay Archipelago. He had not seen it, and simply
enumerates it with other islands, such as Endd or Flores, Bouton, Sumbawa, and Java
Minor, or Bali, and evidently from the information of the native pilot who accompanied
the companions of Magellan from the Moluccas. From this it may be
concluded that it was, at the time, a name for the island known to native traders,
although it has been generally believed to have been imposed by European navigators.
There Ire two small villages of this name which in Javanese is laterally that of the
capsicum, from one or other of which that of the island was probably taken. At present
it is not known to the natives or their neighbours in this sense, and the usual name is
Sasak, which in the Malay and Javanese languages signifies “ a raft, and sometimes a
temporary bridge. Another name, which is occasionally used, particularly “ connection
with the titles of the princes of the island, is Selaparang. The first part of
this compounded word, Sela, is a synonym for stone or rock, m Javanese, borrowed
from Sanscrit, and parang, in Javanese, is the name for a kind of calcareous rock, i t
this be the correct etymology, the name may be taken from one of the ranges 01 t e
mountains of Lomboc, which is principally composed of recent limestone.
Lomboc lies between south latitudes 8° 10' and 8° 45', and east longitudes 115
and 116° 46', and has an area of 1,656 geographical square miles. Its prevailing geological
formation is volcanic. Two mountain ranges pass through it from east to
west, the one wholly volcanic, lying towards the northern, and the other of recent
calcareous formation, lying towards the southern side of the island. Between these,
and occupying the centre of the island, is an extensive plain, intersected in one place,
and to the length of ten miles, by a line of volcanic hills, many in number, and not