S h Ik o S t ¿ f r a oWaS the Pr°P?r Malay understood by winch, also, the Cellates were acquainted. At first there wasa lal litehnea tpieoonp blee,t wanede nw tihthe
two tribes on account of difference in the mode of life. But through the women an
o7l“ t r WjS ef e1°.tfedi they agreed to Uve in one settlement, each party
th i nTwl ihat “ °de of llf? *° wh,lch i* had been accustomed, the one subsisting on
the produce of the sea, and the other on the fruits of the earth.” S
■the half-savages of De Barros are evidently the Orang-bánuwa, and his Cellates
the sea-gipsies, the word being an obvious corruption of the Malay sfilat, a strait
strahT”^ 1 whl.oh, ^ fch prefixed, and making “ men or people of the
. f ° the mhahitants of the innumerable islands which nearly
u l l a K ™ T ^ T . °f the Straits Malacca. Whether the Orang-
i h S the aborigmal inhabitants of the peninsula, and the people from which
nati°n l sP ^ g . or settlers from another c o u n try ^ a
selves^ T a S í m T y ^ 'ISeS‘ T ^ hole Peninsula is called by the Malays themes
PTs™-?; u ? yU’ °r ^ ° 1° i ntry of the MaIays. “ the same way in which they
W of f h fm S i Celebf . Tanah Bugis, the land of the Javanese and the
“ . f “ f Bugis; and this would seem to imply that they consider it their original
mother country. But this may arise from the country having, except a few scattered
duSve^Had^bew-M ri “ habitants than Malays, and is, therefore, not con-
tb e t wñ, + wdd POOP}.6 °f the peninsula been really its aboriginal inhabitants,
they would most probably, like the tribes of Borneo, Sumatra, and Celebes, be found
Ifogoagos instead of one. As far as Malayan emigration is authentically
known, it has always been, not from, but to the Peninsula. Thus, their arrival
m a comparatively civilised state, with a regular form of government, and with a
theTÍrpg? °f +e !r!um !2th century, is stated to have been from Sumatra, and
L L p I i tÍ ® Prese? t day> migrating from the same country and settling
MmiS V V lí™ 6’ however, that even in the 12th and 13th centuries the
civilised Malays found the sea-gipsies and rude people of the interior before them in
natimierU+“l ^ a’ i1 the question of the parent country of the Malay
nation still doubtful. All that can safely be asserted, then, is that Malay civilisation
t originate in the Peninsula, but most likely in Sumatra. The probability is
that the Malays were originally fishermen, occupying the mouths and banks of the
great rivers of the eastern side of Sumatra, such as those of Palembang, Jambi
indragm, and Siak. Ascending these, after intermixing, as they are known to have
done, with the more civilised inhabitants of Java, and reaching the rich volcanic tablelands
mid valleys of the interior, they would naturally become a fixed agricultural
population and acquire that civilisation and power which under the name of
Menangkabo they are known to have attained. To this inland country, communicating
by its rivers with the sea, both on the eastern and western sides of Sumatra,
all the civilised Malay states, whether of the Peninsula or Borneo, trace their origin
From the wandering Malay fishermen, who did not partake of the civilisation of the
Ulterior, might naturally proceed the Orang-lant, or gipsies, and occasional stragglers
from these may have given rise to the Orang-bánuwa, or rude tribes of the interior
See Mat,ay and Malacca.
BENZOIN The resin of the Styrax benzoin, obtained by wounding the bark.
Ih e plant, which is of moderate size, is an object of cultivation, the manner of culture
being from the seed. The trees are ripe for the production of the resin at about
seven years old, and the plant is the peculiar product of the islands of Sumatra and
Borneo; in the first in the country of the Bataks, and in the last on the northern
coast in the territory of Brunai. The Malay and Javanese names are written Kamáñan
kamman, and kamayan, and abbreviated máñan and miñan, all obviously mere modifications
of the same word, purely a native one. Barbosa gives us the price of the
best benzoin in the market of Calicut in the beginning of the 16th century, and before
the violence of the Portuguese had interfered with the natural course of the Indian
trade. He states it to be from 65 to 70 fanams the farazuola, a weight of 22 pounds
65 ounces of Portugal, 16 ounces to the pound. He furnishes, at the same time the
price of incense, by which, no doubt, he meant olibanum, now known to be the resin
of a Boswellia, and this he makes, for the first quality, only 15 fanams for the same
weight.—Hoes it not seem probable that benzoin may have been the malabathrum
ol the ancients of the finer quality, for two kinds of it are expressly stated to have
been known m the European markets, and the varieties of quality to have been so
great, that the pnce varied from one to three hundred deniers the pound? With respect
to the plant, its native country, and the manner of its growth, it is certain that the
ancients who had never seen them, in t i e
not possibly have rendered X u g b V a g l e n o S ? seems essentially to
European market, and their descnpt , 8 regembled that of Indian
agree with that of benzoin. Plrny says that ^ ^ # ^ ^
spikenard, that it was a masB ^ begt came from India> that it was of a
nor aromatic. Dioscondes say and that its odour was stronger than
blackish colour, that it was e j t f S S in wine it excelled all other perfumes,
tIhna tth oef Psaefrfirpolnu.B oHf et haed dEsr, ytthharat ewanh Sea, ma-lab, a,t1hrum^ ^ :igs 8sttaatteedd t1;oo hhaave been an article
« S l j " S f t . ” S ff iE
untenable, for the areca nut is od^ r > ^ benzoin was known to the ancients or
article would e’asily be transmitted to Europe
through Egypt.
BESUKIE, or, in abetter orthography, Basuki
of Java embracing the eastern end of the island for aboutlMmdesjilMB q{
having an area of 4126 geographical m *. t^ e sea to the north by the
Prabalinga and Besukie, and on two sides ^ ^ X e south by the Southern Ocean,
strait which divides Java from Madura, . , Its geological formation,
« ¿ ¡ S r s B H S £
in 1816 . > y blows here during the prevalence of the south-east
bemg a peculiar f u f r ^m e o iQ in T m ln the course of a couple of hours
i K S S l S g i ^ S . aBSff i S S S S S S S S i i
monsoon blowing Tv a n g and Tengar mountains, which tower
leading to Lumajang, some qqOO to 9000 feet, the gap between them at Klaka
ionntloy trheea cahimr g a h eight of 1000 B v o lc lo^, 80 0o0{ f^ee ^t hig ^h, sta n^ds
m this gap, but we had the binding g the Iyang. I am told that £S i . - ■ * « . r-hfr'Tz the east The Ginding blows strongest and steadiest during July and August, a
much heated must be careful not to expose themselves to its chill current, and tfius
W o rm .» M t h e « ■ » ^ i n
the province of Pasuruhan, or that immediately west of Besukie, b" t aPp“ ^7. ,
less strength. This is produced by a gap 1400 feet above the level of
is formed between the Tengar and Aijuna mountains, the last an active volcano
12,000 feet high. A third wind proceeding from the same cause is experienced m