314 ORANG-LAUT
wkich amountq „ 7 T T\ ° T ™ of Iudia P ^ - “ the first instance, a tax
nopula^n of 60 onn % * S~ , Th° Same population of 60,000, pays another impost of 30,0001.; an°dP iiunm Ja- viaa , Swiintgha ap oproep, uwlaitthio na e 7“:hri,:nrfK8oio'oo7-.Not the.use>tbe»>^ xsSrs dLtineTsrmita PP u Y “ T xt does not materially differ from wine,
the abuse of a-n’ 7 hquor. °f. he“ PJmce. There may be shades of difference in
hartUv worH? 1(7 commodities, but they are not easily determined, and, perhaps,
^ PA “ g to appreciate There is nothing mysterious about the
k otherwisa witb +7 s y °ru ma7 stlmul.ants> because we are familiar with it; but it
i e n em n ^ t i ^ resulting from opium, to which we are strangers. We have
deeds of una«1»atlona to 8uide us with the last, and we associate it with
ever bari 1 ? ? murder; the disposition to commit which, were the drug
not stimulate! 6 °“ occasions, which it never is, it would surely allay and
° W °r tum a ? beinS’ in tbe singular or plural; also
Java as wong. P 7 ® Same word whlch »PPears in the popular language of
ORÄNG-GUNUNG. A mountaineer; and hence, a rustic or clown. The Malays
apply the phrase to any people less cultivated than themselves.
ORÄNG-LAUT, literally men of the sea, or sea-people. This is the most frequent
d w llin ^ ^ tb 7' if ^ ala7?,i0 that rude olass of their own nation whose permanent
dwelling is their boats, without any fixed habitation on shore. They are also called
3 S Ä m-. abndged, ray a t; literally, “ sea-subjects,” the last word being only a
tthhef sSeea7-ss7u7bjeeccttss nooff tthhee6 kVi ngs of MalaWcciath o trh J?e fhomr.e sOigcnciafsicioantiaolnly, ,t htoeo p, hthraesye gmo euanndineg?
the name of Sika, the meaning of which I do not know; and mom frequently of
Tna7e to whicbP7b / same ^ the Javanese word, bajag, a pirate or sea-robber,
a name to which they have often earned a title. Some English writers from their
called them sea-gayEpdsSieUs.^; tThre nma0tidvees l1°ofc alliiftey> ohfa -th.i sw piteho pa lgeo, ofodr dite acl aonfn optr owperilel tyb^e
theMalavTbW “ h Y J l °r, narrowseas of the many islands between Sumatra and
Peumsu,la> towards the eastern end of the straits of Malacca. There, at least,
hW s n f ? Z f ° Sa 7 greatest numbers, and own allegiance at present to the
kings of Jehore as in former times they did to those of Malacca. From this locality
Ba7aaPBUlion T i l th1emf lves> most probably step by step, to the shores of
i andb on the eastern and western coasts of Borneo, the
coasts of Celebes, and even of Boeroe and other islands of the Molucca sea, from which
again they make voyages to th e northern coast of Australia, in search of tripang and
nnoorrtthh Tlaattiittufd Le 2oo 1iv7o') we Tfo“un8?d,,”/ 0s1a1y sth Me r6. aTstheornm scoona,s ta ovf etrhye inMtealllaiyg ePnetn itnrasvuelal,l eirn
y, „7 7 T T T or sea-gypsies, assembled. A large crop of durians, this season,
k k n d « 7 f the T b S a , T from tbe coasts of the Peninsula, as well as from the
flff i Jehore Archipelago. Six boats from Mora, an island of that group
(about fifty miles north of the equator), we found on theirway to Pulo Tinggi. They
had travelled by sea a distance of 180 miles to partake of the fascinating fruit. This
would appear incredible were it not explained, that these people live in their boats,
changing their position from the various islands and coasts according to the season.
Uri“g, be s°uth-western monsoon, the eastern coast of the Peninsula is much fre-
277™™ J where they collect as they proceed, rattans, damar, and turtle, to
n 7 i u r l.ce,and cictbmg. The attractions of Pulo Tinggi are also of a more
SiWnoriiu+bm- it 0 ,g' durillg tbe season tbat tbe Cochin-Chinese visit
o 7 £ 7 ,7 al 7 f rS 'marmed trading junks, considerable facilities for committing
occasional quiet piracies on that harmless class of traders. Prior to the introduction
n l 7 f mT Se Si, 7 the .Englisb and Dutcb governments, these sea-gypsies were
fneonie f +b f Plratle?l propensities, though less formidable than the Illanuns
w h T h f 8° 7 heriMlde ° l Mindan°)- °wmg to the smallness of their prau“
to he /e ^ i rende[ ed tbem harmless to European shipping, did not cause them
ssmmaallll bbiumrddeenu . ”— JToUuS rtnoa lt bof® thI e Indian ArcWhiphie°lha gios , gVeonle. r5a,l iyp. e1a4r0n.ed on in vessels of
rare an il™ people’. wb° f e m *'act maritime nomads, are, wherever found, in
s«uVpeerrffiiceial l MMgo?h agme medanism, while ot7he“rse a oref stbtiellm P abgaa™ns b. e<A® fceown ovfe rttheedi rt otr iab eksi nhda voef
ORANG-UTAN 315 ORDEAL
more industry than others, and a few are more attached to particular localities than
the rest, even practising a little husbandry, and intermarrying with the more civilised
Malays. What seem the original inhabitants of Banca, Billiton, and some of the
islands on the coast of Borneo and Sumatra, are only the same Malays in the same
rude state, the only difference being that they have the land instead of the sea for
their habitation. One can hardly, indeed, help conjecturing that even the more
advanced Malay States of the Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo, of whose history we
have no record, may have sprung from the same people, seduced by circumstances
favourable to social advancement to abandon their roving habits and precarious mode
of existence for a fixed life.
The first notice of the sea-gypsies that we possess is by De Barros, who describes
them at the beginning of the 16th century, very much as they are at the present day.
He calls them Cellates, which is only a Portuguese corruption of salat, a strait or
narrow sea, the Malay idiom requiring or&ng, or people, to be prefixed, making
“ people of the straits,” a name by which they are still occasionally called by other
Malays. He describes them as a people whose life was passed rather on the sea than
the land, whose children were born and reared on the sea without hardly landing j
and as a low and mean people, whose livelihood was gained by “ fishing and robbing.”
Besides all this, he expressly states that, like other Malays, they spoke the Malay
language. See Malacca and Malay.
ORANG-UTAN, literally signifies man of the wood or forest, b u t its current
sense is “ wild man,” or “ savage.” The man-like ape to which Europeans give this
name, is never called by this name by the natives, but said to be known to the Malays
of Borneo, under that of mias.
ORANGE. The species of the genus Citrus of botanists, cultivated in the Indian
and Philippine Archipelagos are, the orange of several varieties, the pumplenoos or
shaddock (Citrus decumana), the lime (Citrus limetta), and the sweet lime (Citrus
lumia). In Malay and Javanese the name for fruits of this family is jaruk, and to
this generic term an epithet is affixed for the species or varieties, as J&ruk-manis, the
orange, and J&ruk-machan, the shaddock, literally, the sweet and the tiger orange.
For the native generic term, there is frequently substituted by the Malays, limo,
lemon, from the Portuguese. A sweet orange, with a thick skin adhering closely to
the pulp and green, even when ripe; the shaddock and the lime are, most probably,
indigenous, for they thrive at the level of the sea, and this from the equator to the
twentieth degree of latitude. The epithets applied to other species or varieties imply
that they are exotics, as Jiiruk-Clnna, or Jaruk-Japun, orange of China or Japan,
applied to the mandarin orange, which, moreover, attains perfection only at an
elevation of 3000 feet above tbe sea-level. The native name jAruk extends to all the
languages west of Celebes, but in this last island we have the Portuguese word limo,
and in the Philippines we have the native words, delandan, and kahil. The orange
was found, at the time of their discovery, to be cultivated in several of the islands of
the Pacific, and here we find it with native, and not Malayan names. Thus, in the
languages of the Marquesas and Sandwich Islands, it is called tiporo, and in the dialect
of Tonga, moli. The inference to be drawn from these facts is, that the Orange family,
in its cultivated state, is indigenous in the Malayan, Philippine, and Polynesian islands,
and that in the western parts of the first of these, it was probably disseminated from
one point, which very likely was Java. The orange in all the Indian islands is generally
of inferior quality to the varieties cultivated in the south of Europe, the Azores,
and Northern India. The shaddock, however, when carefully cultivated, as in the
neighbourhood of Batavia, is far superior to any other fruit of this name. I t seems
to have been conveyed to the continent of India from Java, in very modem times, as
its name, “ the Batavian orange,” implies. Its name in the West Indies, also, implies
that it was carried thither in recent times, for it took it from one Shaddock, the
master of a trading ship of the time of Queen Anne, who brought it from Java.
ORDEAL. There is no name for this, except snmpah and snpata, an oath or
imprecation; each kind of ordeal being designated by an annexed epithet, as the trial
by fire, by boiling oil, by melted tin, and by submersion in water. It must have
been, at least in former times, in use, as it is referred to in the Malayan collections of
written laws called Undang-undang, which may be translated “ edicts.” The collection
of Jehor has the following reference to i t :—“ If one party make an accusation,
and another deny its truth, the magistrate shall direct both to contend by diving
under water, or by immersion of the hands in boiling oil, or molten tin. The party