PA^ IES;, ,This is one. the names given to the sect of Puritanical Malmm.
of Sumatra about the beginDing °f the $ r *
PAM iRUÎ . t™ 3 i s .the name of t i e ohief town of the Malay State of
TriSSî1rt! 1ln u6v mterl°r °„f Sumatra. According to Sir Stamford Baffles, who
Thna ™ ? ?’ ? he31at th.e fo°t ?f the mountain called Gunung-bongsu (youngest
chdd-mountam) at an elevation of 1800 feet above the level of the sea, and 50 miles
i t* ooaa* settlement of Padang, in south latitude 14' and east longitude
1 WaS • , e of hls Vlsit a ruinous village, but contained some
architectural remains, and near it were found a mutilated Hindu image, and a
stone with an inscription m a character identical with the ancient Javanesefand such
as are of frequent occurrence in the central and eastern parts of Java. In a correct
orthography the name of the place is Pagar-rayung, which in Javanese would signify
a fence of the rayung, which is the name of a tall aquatic grass.
PAGI written also PAGEH and POGGY, is the name of two considerable islands
mth several islets on the western coast of Sumatra lying between south latitudes
3 32 and 3 15. In our charts the two largest islands are designated the north and
south Pagi, which areparted by a navigable strait called that of Kakab, about two
miles long and a quarter of a mile broad. The nearest point of the Pagis is distant
from the coast of Sumatra, about 45 miles. Both islands consist of high land
covered with large luxuriant timber. The most northerly and largest of the two
islands is about 21 miles long and 10 broad, and the most southerly, sometimes
called by Europeans Nassau, 27 miles long by about six in breadth. The principal
cultivated products of the Pagis are the coco and sago palms. The last of these
furnishes the sole bread of the inhabitants, for they are unacquainted with the culture
of rice or other corn. Coco-nuts are the article which they exchange with strangers for
implements of iron, but it is remarkable that they are unacquainted with the simple
art of expressing their oil. Some of the coarser fruits of Sumatra are cultivated.
The wild quadrupeds of the Pagis consist of deer, hogs, monkeys, and squirrels,
without any of the large carnivorous animals. The domesticated animals are the
* 3 t X eJ ° S’f a+vd C°mI5 0Q 0Wl' The inhabitants are of the Malayan race, and along
with those of the islands Sipora and Sibiru go under the common name of Mantawi
speaking a common language which contains a few words of Malay and Javanese but
nas all the appearance of an original and peculiar tongue. The Mantawi are a simple
inoffensive, but very rude people. They live in villages, subsist chiefly by fishing!
have no clothing but a shp of bark round the loins for mere decency, and no dress
except tattooing, which is general with them. Their arms are the bow and arrow’
and they have neither adopted fire-arms nor Mahommedanism. The population of
the two Pagis has been computed at 1400, and Mr. Logan, making the area of the
country of the Mantawi nation 2240 square miles, computes the total number of its
inhabitants at 5000, which would hardly give 2£ to the square mile, yet probably
fully as much as the population amounts to. The name if correctly written Pagi or
Pagai, would signify, with the usual prefix of Pulo, “ Morning Islands.” The names
of the two northernmost Islands, Sibiru and Sibatu, are obviously enough “ The
azure and “ the rock islands.” 9
PAHANG, the Pam of the Portuguese, and, correctly, Pâang. This is the name
of a virtually independent Malay State on the eastern side of the Peninsula bounded
by that of Jehor, with very undefined limits to the west, and by that of Tringanu to
the north. Along the shore its length is about 80 miles, and it embraces, besides
the territory on the continent, two chains of islets running parallel to its coast and
generally at the distance of about 30 miles. The country of Pahang is mountainous
the highest peaks however nsmg to no greater height above the level of the sea than
from 2181 feet to 3221. The geological formation consists of granffe. sandstone
shale, and clays. Some of the islands, as Tioman and Tingi, consist partly or entirely
of trap rock. The rivers are numerous, the Pahang and the Indau being the largest,
but even these are fit only for the navigation of native craft.
The whole coast of Pahang, although but an uninhabited forest, is beautiful and pic-
turesque, the result of a powerful sun, abundant moisture, and exposure to the easterlv
monsoon for ages. Mr. J. S. Thomson who surveyed the coast, and from whose judicious
narrative a great part of this article has been taken, gives the following account of it.
I was much struck with the beauty of the scenery along the coast, particularly
after entering the Sibu Channel. The Straits of Malacca on the opposite side of the
Peninsula have invariably called forth the admiration of travellers, but they -must
yield the palm to this side. Spacious bays and fine sandy beaches extend uninterruptedly
along the coast, shaded by the high primaeval forests, whereas on the
opposite coast the greater part is fringed by mangroves and slimy mud-banks. The
numerous islands outside the Sibu Channel also tend to impart great variety and
beauty to the view, some high and mountainous, assuming fantastic shapes and
rugged outlines, others low and diminutive, but in their tum presenting almost
equally interesting features. By the exposure of their northern sides to the northeast
monsoon, the action of the waves has beaten down the soil and worn the softer
rocks into cliffs and caverns. While most of the islands are covered with lofty
forests, others remain denuded, and where not barren and rocky, are covered with
tufty grass, a circumstance uncommon in these latitudes.” Journal of the Indian
Archipelago, Vol. v., p. 147.
The vegetable products of Pahang, put to economical use, are its timber, ratans,
gutta-percha, and damar; its (minerals, iron, gold, and tin, the two last being washed
both by Malays and Chinese, although not to the same extent as in the Malay states
of Tringanu and Kalanten, on the same side of the Peninsula. The wild Mammalia
are the elephant, two species of rhinoceros, the tapir, the tiger and leopard, several
species of deer and monkeys, the buffalo, and the wild ox, called by the Malays the
slladang.
The population consists of the more civilised Malays forming its bulk, several
tribes of the same nation in the wild and unconverted state, and some tribes of the
small crisp-haired negros. The wild tribes of the Malayan race are here known to
the civilised Malays indiscriminately, under the names Sakai and Pungan. Mr.
Thomson, furnishing details, has estimated the whole Malay population of Pahang,
exclusive of the wild races and the Chinese, at 14,110 only. Prom other sources the
Chinese are thought to amount to about 2000. I t is probable, therefore, that the
total population does not exceed 20,000; and if we estimate the area of the state at
3200 square miles, we shall have a relative population of little more than six inhabitants
to the square mile. The chief town, which gives its name to the principality,
lies on the left bank of a small river in latitude 3° 40' north, and is a very poor place.
On the opposite bank there is a village inhabited by the Chinese and other strangers.
The river is about a quarter of a mile wide at its mouth, but full of islets and sandbanks,
and navigable only for small native craft; and not by these, except during the
south-west monsoon, for during the boisterous north-east it is almost inaccessible.
The rajah of Pahang is nominally a dependant of the sultan of Jehor, now a pensioner
of the British government and residing in Singapore, but he is really independent.
He holds the nominal office of bandara, “ treasurer” or “ first minister of Jehor; ” as
does the virtual sovereign of the western side of the Peninsula that of tumangyung,
equivalent to that of “ first magistrate.” At the time of the conquest of Malacca by
the Portuguese, the prince of Pahang appears to have been independent; for he is
stated by their historians, under the name of the “ king of Pam,” as having been
present in Malacca during the combat which ended in its capture, being there for the
purpose of espousing the daughter of the king.
PAJAJARAN. This is the name of an ancient kingdom of Java, the capital
of which was situated in the Sunda district of Bogor, about 40 miles east of
Jacatra or Batavia. The site is indicated by the foundations of a palace, and by a
monumental stone bearing an inscription, known under the name of the batu-tulis,
literally “ the inscribed stone.” Pajajaran is the only ancient state known to have
existed in the country of the Sundas,—all others having been in the proper country
of the Javanese. The inscription is in an unknown character, a much ruder one than
any of the ancient Javanese inscriptions, and, most probably, that in which the
Sunda language was'written before the adoption of the Javanese writing. The peculiarity
of the character,—the locality of Pajajaran, and the names of the princes said
to have reigned in it, lead to the belief that the state was Sunda and not Javanese.
Of the time in which it flourished, nothing reliable is known,—one legend placing
its foundation in 1078, and another, two whole centuries later. The name signifies
“ arrangement,” or “ place arrayed,” from the verb jajar, “ to put in order,” or
“ arrange,” in Javanese.
PAJANG. This is the name of a large, fertile, and populous province of Java,
situated in the plain of the same name, which extends in a direction east and west,
between the mountains Lawu and Mfirapi, to a length of 75 miles. In it are situated
the ruins of the old capital, Kartasura, and the modern town of Surakarta, or Solo.