CHINA 96
fthe Permanent establishment of the
largely to promote Chinese S S f t L U° doubt contributed
to such countries as Tonquin, Cochin-China an /siam ° 10 Archll,elaS°> but also
C a n t o ^ S ^ l t e a n S n d K i a ! f''°m Provinces of the empire,
Canton, and about a t e i thnf r i f fomVnv" ’ ? ® Wh°le nu“ ber come from
northerly provinces formW W ! , ^ u ’ ? e emigrants from the two more
consist of the labouring closes —fisheJmen L t k 0*1011' ? early 811 ? e emigrants
They usually arrive at their niece« «f l r r ^ sans’ and common day-labourers,
obliged to mortgage their labour to ,, s.lna ?“ m great poverty, and are frequently
their passage monfy. their resident countrymen in consideration of
th a t it c o n s is tf M th - d ^ o f L d u lTm a te ? 1? 1 t h e ^ x l f™m f 1 ° th e r emigration.—
and th a t i t never embraces e i t h e r t w , exclusion of women and children,
th e absence o f th e female sex a r i s e s ° f l mif classes. I do n o t believe th a t
= 0af i &
native mo“ f l W°mb/ t h a t . is> Cbb“ se by
unknown, although it has been admitfJT ?-Df . ey’ a word vvhich the origin is
These intermarrying eiTher amonv fh e ? <bctl0n“ es of t ie Spanish language.
quadroons, and ^m o s t of ^reotes h ^ sn ru Chinese,—perhans sompwhaf l d i f f nev ^riioi^ qnr g ? Slittile from thea o4rigein<a*l
knowledge. From the nature of p £ ergetl0’ but always possessed of more local
females is a l 4 v S gre^t In S i n l 86 emigratl0I!< M proportion of males to
females in the p o r t i o n I? 1 0 V t S ' L t e ? 3ment>.tbe males are to the
E ~ ^ S S i » a r a e a f t i
i?irbE:BP‘ Safes;
makers, ’grocers goldsmiths8' ^ nters’ cashiers, shop-keepers, apothecaries, coffim
barbers, shoe-makera ^ a ^ e t-m Jk e ra “ fiSh tm-Smitbs> blacksmiths, dyers/tailors,
makers,’ boatbuilders, cabinetwhile
in th e m o r e p o M l o u s a s ^ ^ t ^ ® 6 °- th e field of common labour,
may be called skilled labour as th e m f ? 7 18 genera,Iy restricted to what
filiation of spirits ’ 6 manufacture of ecgar and indigo, and th e diso
u f t t i i ^ h o r1A6 sAi asifaitlcc0 ^Archip’ elago can oSnly? bdee sac emndaatntetsr “of> d efsatmimilaietes., thBryo ugthhecensus
of 18o0, those of Java and the islands around it, amounted to 130,000. Those
ol .Borneo have been variously computed at numbers varying from 30 000 to five
times that number. Dutch authorities estimate them at 30,000 only and this is far
more probable than the larger numbers. In the three British settlements in the
»traits of Malacca they amount in round numbers to 85,000. In the census of
the Philippines the total Chinese population is returned at no more than 8000 • but
this does not include the mixed race, of whom the number in Luzon alone’ the
principal island, is 56,925. Besides these, there are a few in Sumatra, Celebes and
the Moluccas and if we take these at 5000, we shall have a total Chinese population
of 258 000. But as the mestizos of the Philippines are not included, and the
aC^ r o u tO320B0 0 r may * ™ take tbe " bole> * d
■ H S ' ? * ? ! Cbinese in ,tbe different countries of the Asiatic Archipelago
will always be found to be proportional to the encouragement held out to them bv
? rt°n f P r • country and its government. In a large portion of the northern
part of Borneo, in which no gold is found, and where there is no semblance of good
government, the Chinese are not found at all. Neither do they exist under the fude
and rapacious administrations of the islands of Mindano and the Salus and not an
Suote a n U f t h p “ at.°n is to be found in the unattractiveistends’ of Ceram
ment foi t ^ i ? b o n f a' ? 13 n? ? ere land they emigrate in quest of, but employment,.
"Teu laboui, and protection for their lives and properties With ■‘•bo
exception, therefore of the western coast of Borneo, where they ¿e^ in mfffieten!
strength and numbers to protect themselves, tliey are only to be found in thp
m a T tT l n a H B M h In J ava and the7Philippi/es the ordinari labour-
& g f c s' t ? “ ¡ySftiSe.
. ¡11. m ¿ M , i u S K S S A Z ' “ “ ld 40 h‘ " “ >»
™ mSs?m, “ “ f cp S ' ; l f ’t5,e''voil";” ni °r * • w » « * » » « . » *
Spanish dollars a-year This heavy contrih f lmPosed uPon them was six
sufficient return for the great gains thev w e ? i 1“ ’ bo7 f f > not thought a
publicly alleged, at the expens<f of thpSnimiatireprese:ntedtom;ake, and, as it was
accordingly, divided into the f o u r plnsalL ? ^>ani1S mestizos. They were,
day-labourers, the first being subiected tn°f shop-keepers, artisans, and
of *“ 4“n” ' ‘hthe
enactmeota of the m id d leH e sa ^ n s tSt h e T 0<1 " a tmpcoyidenoe, so much life
themselves as deplorable. The leaders of th e 'C h iZ £S d/ sclabed b^ SPanish writers
tax, and the Spanish functionaries had to ? ? ? !! to f sess o r-Collect the
I time of its enactment,^he Chinese exduMv???mis?6 ! s themseives. At the
to double the native poll-tax was 570« Of mestizos, who were subjected only
I to the class of merchants and 166 to that of shn t WaS ^ou“ d that seven only belonged
to amount to 5509, and tC a v - llo u r e r s te £T*h6eperS’ artisans were made
from the tax by old age. The collection of th + ® lemamd6r.of 196 being exempted
the Spanish writers, was attended with tl„ f accorilmg to the statement of
I 1 tiot, C80h0in pae. rsoTnhse rtoe ofkle da <to^ ^(thatg „e„ „ „th( e•? ?Pti“o0n??1 fwfhiiircihi0 £tthh e ll aw gave *th5*e m°r, daenrd tore teusrcnaepde
I native inhabitants, 1083 persons and 4 5 l? h o wef bosPitably received by the
1 cost of a passage to China w e r e ° bad not the means of defraying the
The wages of a Chinese dav-laboureiAnc5. mued-,to peual labour as defaulters.
I1 month, and probably are not hio-W +l m.Pr re • nofc exceed three dollars a Spanish poll-tax amounts to o K hU“of^ If this be the case, the I Spanish author, writing in 1842 has tee f ? iA wbole,waSesi .of lab°ur. A sensible I this oppressive tax : “ The Chine!! ?! following observation on the subject of
I their capitation-tax is above 100 000 7 enrolled.,do not exceed 6000, and
I inhabitants, exceeding 3,000 000 dnp* Tint’ 8 w^ e of all the native
■ Sobre el estado de l J l d a s f f i n w L i L T tba* amount.”-In fo rm e
In the British possessions the p? Madrid.
Chinese are on a footing of equality with all other
H