I t is the sister mountain of Gâdeh, springing from the same base, but not like it, an
active volcano. ' '
PANGASANE. The name of a very considerable island, lying off the south-
eastern Peninsula of Celebes, called also Moena. See Moena.
PANGASINAN, in Malay and Javanese, “ place of salt,” or “ salt-pans,” is the
name of a province of Luzon in the Philippines, bounded to the south by Pampanga
to the north by llocos, to the west by Zambales, and to the east by the chain 0f
mountains which takes its name from the wild ' tribes that occupy it, the Igorrotes,
the Ilongotes, and the Alaguetes. It extends to 78 miles in length, and 44 at
its greatest breadth, comprises 29 townships, and has an area of about 1240
square geographical miles. Its chief place is Lingayen, distant 120 miles north of
Manilla, and m latitude 16 north. Close to this place is the port of Sual, a safe
harbour for vessels of moderate burden. The whole country seems to be a well-
watered valley, of eminent fertility, lying between the sierra of Zambales and that of
the Igorrotes, down to the gulf of Lmgayen, or Pangasinan. The torrents from
the mountains bring down particles of gold, the washing of the sands affording
occasional employment to the inhabitants, and the mountains themselves yielding
sulphur and arsenic. The most considerable river of the province is the Ano, which
affords means of transport for the produce of the forests of the range of the Igorrotes
from which it has its source. The inhabitants of Pangasinan consist of two distinct
nations speaking different languages, namely, the proper Pangasinan and the llocos
t ^ « ' ne!iei1 of 7 lld ta b ?s of the mountains on its eastern borders.
« t S f ’ Pangasman, which then included the province now called Zambales,
(itself, at present, containing 95,260 inhabitants,) was computed to have a population
of no more than 73,305 souls. In 1818, after the separation from it of Zambales
the population was 119,322. In 1850, five new townships, however, having been
f h T S h í° ’ mbabltants amounted to 224,180, of whom 48,321 were subject to
tne poll-tax. Its relative population gives 180 to the squire mile, matinor it one of
the most populous provinces of the Philippines. Its chief productions are rice,
maiz pulses, and sugar-cane, and it produces on the coast, much bay salt, from which
nf X f Uame' U ÍP § SW m ,of the .“ «St fertile and of the Philippines, although much wild laud still remains unredepermodeudc. tive provinces
PAh GOLIN. The scaly ant-eater, or Manis Javaniea of naturalists, is found in
2 S Í * a S É P S lslaQds1.of the Archipelago, a sluggish animal of nocturnal habits,
which, m self-defence rolls itself up, and hence the Malayan name, which literally
means roller, from the verb guling, to roll or revolve.
PANJANG (PULO), literally, “ long island.” This is the name of several islands
or islets, all the way from Sumatra to Celebes. The largest of them is one of thé
n f +ií ü mdS # eastern side of Sumatra, and nearly opposite to Malacca.
Of these, Panjang is the nearest to the Sumatran coast and hence the strait between
k 6S Í ! name' 1S °hiefly inhabited, as are the other three islands
near it, by wild unconverted men of the Malay nation, and speaking its language
or rather a rude dialect of it. Panjang is best known as producing the best crude
Chinese 13 exp y 6 Ma% s to Singapore and Malacca to be refined by the
PAN,II. This is the name of an ancient king of Java who reigned in a country
called Janggala, the capital of which was in the modern province of Surabava. This
personage, called also Ina-karta-pati, is the hero of many of the romances of the
y tlrT lo oT f owTimeem MaIays’ and “ suPPOsed to have flourished about the
PANTAR. This is the name given in our maps to one of the little-known islands
tying between Fions and Timur. I find it sometimes called by the Malays Pulo-
Putar, which would signify turning or twisting island, and sometimes Pulo-Pandai
which would literally be “ artificer or blacksmith island.” I t consists of high land’
most probably volcanic, and is about 8 leagues in length. The inhabitants aré
described as having dark-brown complexions with frizzled hair, and are, therefore of
the race that I have ventured to call the Negro-Malayan. A few of the inhabitants
°!p j 6 C° íf , e ad°Ptod thf Mahommedan religion, but the people of the interior
are described as rude, half-naked heathens, armed with bows and arrows.
PANTUN. This word is Malay, and may be translated epigram. I t is a quatrain
stanza, m which the alternate lines rhyme, the two first containing a proposition, and
the two last, its application. The application or point, however, must not be obvious,
but obscure, so as to try the ingenuity of the party, to whom the pantun is addressed,
so that, in fact, the pantun is a kind of enigma or riddle. These riddles are
favourite pastimes of the Malays, to whom they are confined, for they are not known
to the Javanese or other nations of the Archipelago. The following are translations
' of three of these : “ The waves beat white on the reach of Katawan—day and night
without cease. The garden is white with blossoms, but among the flowers, one only
is love-inspiring.” I The diamond falls in the grass, and there still glitters, but
love is like dew on the grass. I t vanishes when the sun appears.” “ The peacock
nods its head; the peacock that perches on the battlement. When her locks wave,
new beauties shine in her face.”
PAPANDAYANG. This is the name of a mountain of Java, in the country of
the Sundas, and of a district of the province of Cheribon called Sukapura (city of
gladness, Sanscrit). It is an active volcano, of which the summit, which is also the
crater, is 8000 feet above the level of the sea. My friend, Dr. Thomas Horsfield, has
given an account of the last eruption of this mountain which is worth quoting, as
being one of the few of the Archipelago satisfactorily authenticated. The Papan-
dayang, situated at the western part of the province of Cheribon, in the district ol
Sukapura, was formerly one of the largest volcanos of the island; but the greater
part of it was swallowed up in the earth, after a short, but very severe eruption in
the year 1772. The account which has remained of this event asserts that near
midnight, between the 11th and 12th of August, there was observed about the
mountain an uncommonly luminous cloud, by which it appeared to be completely
enveloped. The inhabitants, as well about the foot as on the declivities ol the
mountain, alarmed by this appearance, betook themselves to flight; but before they
could all save themselves, the mountain began to give way, and the greatest part or
it actually fell in and disappeared in the earth. At the same time, a tremendous
noise was heard, resembling the discharge of the heaviest artillery. Immense quantities
of volcanic substances, which were thrown out, at the same time, and which spread
in every direction, propagated the effects of the explosion through the space of many
miles. I t is estimated that an extent of ground of the mountain itself, and its
immediate environs, fifteen miles long, and full six broad, was, by this commotion,
swallowed up in the bowels of the earth. Several persons sent to examine the
condition of the neighbourhood, made report that they found it impossible to approach
the mountain, on account of the heat of the substances^ which covered its circumference,
and which were piled on each other to the height of three feet, although
this was the 24th of September, and full six weeks after the catastrophe. I t is also
mentioned that forty villages, partly swallowed up by the earth and partly covered
by the substances thrown up, were destroyed on this occasion, and that 2957
of the inhabitants perished. A proportionate number of cattle was destroyed, and
most of the plantations of cotton, indigo, and coffee, in the adjacent districts were
buried under the volcanic matter. The effects of this eruption are still visible. ——
Transactions of the Batavian Societies of Arts and Sciences, vol. 9.
PAP AW FIGr, (Carica Papaya). This coarse and little esteemed fruit is easily
reared in very indifferent soils. I t is evidently a plant of tropical America, introduced
by the Spaniards and Portuguese, and most of its names, in the different languages,
point at its being an exotic. The most frequent of these is papaya, which is
the papayo of the Spanish. In the language of Bali it goes under the name of
g&dang-castila, or the Castilian banana; and the people of Celebes, who probably
received it directly from Java, call it the Javanese banana, in the same manner m
which they sometime call the buffalo the horse of that island.
PAPER. The a rt of making a true paper from fibrous matter reduced to a pulp
in water, has never been known in, or introduced into, any of tbe Indian islands.
The usual name for it, in all the languages of those nations that are now acquainted
with it, is the Arabic one, k&rtas, although they may have received it, before the
arrival of the Arabians, from the Chinese, its original inventors. We possess Javanese
inscriptions on stone and brass which carry us back six centuries, probably only a
brief part of the time in which the Javanese wrote on these materials. But the
current materials for writing on in ancient times, by all the nations of the Archipelago,
as it still is of those that have little communication with strangers, was the
leaf of the Palmyra palm, the lontar or rontal, a word half Javanese and half Sanscrit.
The Javanese alone have a native paper, or more correctly, a kind of papyrus, prepared