beyond the bases of the nearest bristles. They have the same sparsely distributed short
cilia.
Habits.—Harmothoë lunulata is a very active species amongst the laminarian roots,
and displays as much irritability as Evame impar. It is also .sometimes found as a
commensalistic form in the tube of Polycirrus. It is brightly phosphorescent, glowing
when irritated at the bases of the feet for a considerable time, and giving off flashes
when immersed in spirit, as well as generally breaking in pieces.
The Zetlandic examples of the species are somewhat elongated, have longer feet, and
longer and more delicate pale bristles ; moreover the dorsal and ventral cirri are longer
than in the southern forms.
I t is evident that the species approaches H. marphysæ very closely, though the cirri
of the latter are shorter and smoother, the bristles of the dorsal branch much shorter
and less conspicuous, and those of the ventral division shorter and more slender. Moreover
those of the superior ventral series have no bifurcation at the tip, the closest
approach to the latter condition being in a variety of H. lunulata from St. Peter Port,
Guernsey, which had an indistinctly bifid tip in one or two of its superior bristles.
I have united it, after Claparède, with Delle Chiaje’s form, though in his original
description of the species he gave it a single caudal style and fourteen pairs of scales—
characters also illustrated in his somewhat stiff figure, which shows the middle line of the
dorsum quite bare from end to end.
Claparède, who studied the species at Naples, correctly described it as having fifteen
pairs of scales, and pointed out the pinkish hue of the ventral median line anteriorly—
from the nerve-cord—on which he found no ganglia. He gives the total number of
segments as thirty-seven, and shows that the last bears two large terminal cirri. At the
bases'of the feet are vibratile rosettes as described by Ehlers, and they are about four in
number. In the preserved examples the two whitish masses he mentions on the feet
are not visible. He also notes the apparent absence of blood-vessels, and describes the
nerve-cord as having a median and two lateral bands corresponding to the nerve-cells,
of which he gives some further details. He is of opinion that Costa’s P. tessellata is the
same species. He describes the scales as finely granular and without horny papillæ, but
in his figure the greater part of the surface (all but the anterior third) shows such
papillæ. This, therefore, is a point on which further evidence is required, especially as
the distribution of these horny papillæ in the British examples is so well defined.
Should the evidence prove that the Mediterranean form is different, then Dr. Carrington’s
name, H. maculosa, stands. He first found the species in this country stranded on
Southport sands.
Prof. Panceri1 experimented with this species and others in regard to luminosity, and
came to the conclusion that it emanates entirely from the scales, and that it is connected
with the remarkable terminations of the nerves in the subcuticular granular layer of the
epiderm.
Grube’s P. maculata2 seems to be an allied form, but the description of the cirri
differs,
1 * Atti R. Accad. di Napoli,’ 1875, p. 13, Tav. 304.
2 ( Actin., Echin., u. Würm./ p. 87, 1840.
10. H armothoe setosissima, Savigny, 1820. Plate XXV, fig. 4.
Specific Characters^*Head somewhat short and broad. The posterior eyes are
nearer each other than in H. imbricata, while the anterior are larger and more visible
from the dorsum. Median tentacle rather long, with just, a trace of a dilatation below
the filiform tip, and its surface has sparsely distributed Short clavate cilia. Palpi apparently
smooth, but show minute papillge under a high power. Body somewhat elongated ;
segments thirty-eight, either pale or variegated rather prettily with brown. Segmental
eminences and papillaa distinct. Scales somewhat adherent, thin, but fairly tough; first
pair rounded, rest reniform-ovate, their surface densely covered with minute papillge;
colour pale or brownish, sometimes with a broad ring. Feet with a long acute process
above the spine. Dorsal bristles long, gently tapered, with very close rows of short
spines, and the point rather blunt except in the external forms. Yentral slender, with a
long spinous region and a very short, smooth, bifid tip. Dorsal cirri elongated, tapering,
and with sparsely distributed short clavate cilia; ventral slender and rather elongate,
also with a few short clavate cilia.
S ynonyms.
1820. Polynoë setosissima, Savigny. Syst. Armel., p. 25.
1828. Eumolpe setosissima, Blainville. Diet, de Sc. nat., lvii, p. 459.
1834. Polynoë setosissiina, Audouin and Edwards. Annél., 90, pi. i, f. 18.
1836. ,, ,, De Quatrefages. Règ. an. illusfc., pi. xix, f. 2.
1863. ,, longisetis, Grube. Archiv f. Naturges., xxix, p. 37, taf. iv, f. 1.
1864. ' -- ,, idem. Die Insel Lussin, «fee., p. 78.
1865. Lsenilla glabra, Malmgren. Nord. Hafs-Ann., p. 73, Tab. ix, f. 5 ; and Ann. Polychæt.,
p. 136.
,, Polynoë setosissima, De Quatrefages. Ann. I, 229, pi. vi, f. 17.
,, Antinoë semisculptus, Baird (partim):, Journ. Linn. Soc., viii, p. 192 (?).
1869. Harmothoë Malmgreni, Ray Lankester. Tr. Linn. Soc., xxv, p. 375, pi. li, f. 11, 25, 28.
',, Polynoë longisetis, McIntosh. Trans. R. S. E., xxv, p. 406, pi. xv, f. 3.
1870. „ Isevigata, Claparède. Ann. Nap., Sup., p. 14, pi. i, f. 3 (?). .
1875. Lsenilla glabra, Ehlers. f Porcupine,’ 1869, op. cit., p. 32.
„ „ setosissima, McIntosh. Invert, and Fishes, St. A., p. 116.
1876. ,, ,,. idem. Trans. Z. S., ix, p. 387.
1882. „ glaberrima, Hansen. Norweg. N. Atlantic Exp., 29, Tab. iii, f. 6—11.
1886. ,, setosissima, Giard. Bullet. Sc. Nord, 339.
1890. „ ,, Malaquin. Ann. Boulon., 23.
1891. Polynoë (Lsenilla) setosissima, Hornell. Op. cit., 235.
1898. Harmothoë longisetis, De St.-Joseph. Ann. d. Sc. nat., viii, sér. v, 234, pi. xiii, f. 21.
Habitat.—Not uncommon between tide-marks, under stones at Herm, and also in
the tubes of Chætopterus ; tossed on shore amidst sponges, sea weeds, and corallines at
the west sands, St. Andrews (E. and R. M.), in the stomach of the cod and haddock at the
same place (E. M.), at Plymouth, Moray Frith, and various parts of the British coast.
Ehlers found it ranging in the ‘ Porcupine ’ to 767 fathoms on Holtenia-ground with mud
and globigerina-ooze. Extends to the Mediterranean.