i Y - " -
î
6 S
th e d o r s a l, w h e n i t ta k e s a s tr a ig h t c o u rs e th ro u g h th e m id d
le o f th e ta il. ®
T h e d o rs a l sp in e s h a v e th e i r b ro a d s id e s tu rn e d a lte r-
n a te ly to th e r ig h t a n d le f t ; th e f ir s t two sp in e s a re sh o rt,
^ d th e th i rd a n d fo u rth a re th e lo n g e s t, th e s u c c e e d in g o ne s
d e c re a s in g m p id ly in h e ig h t. T h e sp in e o f th e s e c o n d d o r sa
l IS b u n e d in i t s fro n t, so th a t o n ly i t s tip sh ow s . T h e
h r s t a n d s e c o n d a n a l sp in e s a re lo n g e r th a n th e fo llow in g
two. p e so f t d o rs a l a n d a n a l a re a lik e , b o th h a v in g
a ro u n d e d lo b e m fro n t h ig h e r th a n th e r e s t o f th e fin, a n d
th e p o s te r io r c om e r a lso ro u n d e d . T h e c a u d a l is s lig h tly
c re s c e n tic . T h is fin a n d tlie so ft d o r s a l a n d a n a l a re
ro u g h w ith m in u te sc a le s .
T h e s p e c im e n h e re d e s c r ib e d is a d r ie d o n e , a n d th e c o lo
u r s h a v e c o n s e q u e n tly p e r is h e d , b u t th e s c a le s r e ta in a
p e c u lia r s a tin y lu s tr e , a n d s ix te e n o r e ig h te e n n a r row b la c k
b a n d s r em a in v is ib le o n th e b a c k , d e s c e n d in g a l ittle b e low
th e la te r a l lin e , to g e th e r w ith m a n y ro u n d ish sp o ts low e r on
th e s id e s . T h e to p o f th e h e a d a n d n a p e a re d a rk , a n d
th e r e is a b ro a d b la c k s tr ip e b e h in d e a c h d o rs a l sp in e , a n d
a lso , b u t m o re f a in t, b e h in d e a c h a n a l sp in e . T h e soft
d o rs a l a n d a n a l a re a lso v e ry fin e ly e d g e d w ith b la c k , b u t
th e r e s t o f th e fin s a p p e a r to b e co lo u rle s s .
T h i s sp e c ie s diffe rs in p ro file from th e Choe to d o n te tr a -
c a n th u s o f L a c e p è d e (iii. p i. X X V ., fig. 2 , e l iv. p . 7 27), o r
S c a to p h a g u s fa s c ia tu s , C . e t V. vii. p . 144. T h e v e rtic a l
b a n d s ai-e o f a d iffe re n t d e s c r ip tio n , a n d th e re is n o tra c e
o f th e p e c to ra ls h a v in g b e e n b la c k .
L e n g th o f t h e sp e c im e n I 0 4 in c h e s .
H ab. K in g G e o rg e ’s S o u n d , Au stra lia .
L utodeira salmonea. J . R . F o r s te r , [M u g il).
M u g il salmaneus, J . R . Foreter, apud Bl. Scbneid. p. 121. Leuciscus
R'cl'ardson, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. xi. n.
«L:! ^ sahnoneiis, Fo rst. Descr. An. c u râ Licbtenst
p. 299. An. 1844 Ico n . Georg. Forste r, in Bib. Banks. No. 237. M u -
g d (avaretmdes Solander, Pise. Austr. p. 15 P Names given to i t by
th e na tiv e tn b e s n e ar P o rt Essington, M irlè -mir lè, a u d Orgurkhud.
G en u s, Lutodeira, Van H ass elt, R u p p e ll.
R -a d ii:— B . 4 ; D . 1 5; A. 1 1 ; C . 1 9 | ; P . 1 7 ; V. I I .
P la t e X X X V I ., fig. 1, n a tu ra l siz e ; 2, m ag n ified .
T h e sy n om ym s a b o v e q u o te d , show th a t m u c h diffe ren c e
o f o p in io n h a s b e e n e n te r ta in e d r e s p e c tin g th e p ro p e r p la c e
o f th is fish iu th e sy s tem . C u v ie r, a n d s u b s e q u e n tly
M . V a len c ien n e s , c o n s id e re d i t to b e th e s am e w ith th e
E lo p s m a c h n a ta . T h i s m is ta k e is w e ll e x p o s e d b y D r
R iip p e ll in h is A tla s , p . 18, a n d N e u e VVirlbethiere, p . 80,
b u t h e a lso is in eiTor in su p p o s in g th a t th e s p e c ie s is th e
sam e w ith th e M u g i l c h a n o s o f F o rsk a l. V a n H a s s e lt in
th e y e a r 182 2 n o tic e d th e M u g il ch a n o s in F e ru s s a c ’s
B u lle tin d e s S c ie n c e s ,’ (ii. p . 92), u n d e r th e a p p e lla tio n o f
L u to d e ir a , a n d R ü p p e ll in h is A tla s gives th e g e n e ric c h a ra
c te r s a t le n g th , w ith a fu ll d e s c rip tio n a n d fig u re o f th e
sp e c ie s , id e n tify in g i t w ith th e p a la h -b o n ta h o f R u s s e ll,
20 7 . T h e toolelo, N o . 2 0 8 , o f th e la tte r a u th o r is a se c o n d
s p e c ie s o f L u to d e ir a , ancl F o r s te r ’s fish is a th ird o ne . In
t h e ‘ A n n a ls a n d M a g a z in e o f N a tu r a l H i s t o r y ’ I g av e a
fu ll d e s c r ip tio n o f F o r s te r ’s sp e c ie s from th e d r ie d sk in o f
a n in d iv id u a l w h ic h was ta k e n in th e h a rb o u r o f P o r t E s -
s in g to ii. H a v in g o v e rlo o k ed D r. R iip p e ll’s a b le e x p o s itio n
o t th e g e n u s , I fe ll in to th e e r ro r o f ta k in g th e fish fo r a
C y p r in o id , a n d n am e d it L e u c is c u s [P ly ch o lep is* ) salmo-
n e u s . T h is m is tak e is s tro n g ly a n im a d v e r te d u p o n in a
n o te a p p e n d e d to p a g e 3 0 0 o f F o r s te r ’s ‘ D e s c r ip tio n e s
A n im a lium ,’ r e c e n tly p u b lis h e d b y L ic h te n s te in , wh ich I
re fe r to ch ie fly b e c a u s e M r. G r a y ’s n am e is tlie re a s so c ia te d
with m y ow n , b u t th e e r ro r w a s w h o lly m in e .i
I f g r e a t a u th o r itie s c a n e x c u s e a m is ta k e o f th e k in d , th e
f ir s t o f m o d e rn ic h th y o lo g is ts m a y b e a d d u c e d in th e fo llow
in g s e n te n c e , “ le M tig il ch a n o s d e F o r s k a l e s t de
l a fam ille d e s C y p r in s .” (Cuv. R e g . An. ii. p . 2 3 3 ) : ancl in
re co g n is in g th e c o n n e x io n b e tw e e n F o r s te r ’s fish a n d R u s -
^ l l ’s p a la h -b o n ta h a n d toolelo, w h ic h h e c o n s id e rs to b e
C y p r in i , I fo llow ed him w ith o u t d u e co n s id e ra tio n . I c o u ld
n o t a s c e r ta in th e form o f th e p h a ry n g e a ls from th e d rie d
sp e c im e n , th e b a c k p a r t o f th e sk u ll h a v in g b e e n c u t away,
b u t th e h e a d e x te r io r ly e x h ib i t s n o n e o f th e c h a ra c te rs
w h ich h a v e b e e n in d ic a te d b y M . A g a s s iz , a s c h a r a c te r iz -
iiig th e s k u ll o f a C lu p eo id . T h e p a rie ta l c r e s ts d o n o t
sh ow a t a ll, a u d a re n o t p ro lo n g e d , n o r is th e r e a d e ep
n o tc h in w h ich th e o c c ip ita l c r e s t s ta n d s . N o c re s ts ru n
from th is n o tc h to th e m id d le o f th e o rb it, th e r e a re n o tern-
p o r a l gro o v e s, n o r d o e s th e tr ia n g u la r d e p re s s io n o f th e
fo re h e a d , so c o n sp ic u o u s in m o s t C lu p e o id s , a p p e a r. I t is
p o s s ib le th a t som e in d ic a tio n s o f th e s e g e n e ric p e c u lia ritie s
m ig h t b e tr a c e d in a p ro p e r ly p r e p a r e d sk u ll, b u t th e y do
n o t show th ro u g h th e d r ie d in te g um e n t. T h e com p o s itio n
o f th e orific e o f th e m o u th , h ow e v e r, is c lu p eo id .
T h is L u to d e ir a h a s th e g e n e ra l a s p e c t a n d n e a t a p p e a r a
n c e o f a Coregonus. T h e l e n g th o f th e h e a d , w h ic h som e w
h a t e x c e e d s th e h e ig h t o f th e b o d y u n d e r th e d o rs a l, is
c o n ta in e d five tim e s a n d a h a l f in th e to ta l le n g th o f th e
fish, c a u d a l in c lu d e d . T h e p ro file is a naiTow e llip s e , th e
b a c k a u d b e lly b e in g b o u n d e d b y e q u a l cu rv e s , r is in g re g
u la r ly fi-om th e m o u th to th e f ro n t o f th e d o rs a l, w h ic h is
th e m id d le o f th e le n g th , c a u d a l e x c lu d e d . A t th e b a s e o f
th e c a u d a l th e h e ig h t is le s s th a n o n e - th ird o f th a t before
th e d o rs a l. T h e h e a d is cov e red w ith a sm o o th n a c ry sk in ,
w h ich is c o n tin u e d ev en ly o v e r th e c h e e k s a n d g ill-co v e rs,
so th a t th e lim its o f th e o p e r c u la r p ie c e s c a n s c a rc e ly be
d is tin g u ish e d even in th e d r ie d sp e c im e n s , th e u n d e r b o r d
e r o f th e p re o p e rc u lum a lo n e b e in g m a rk e d o u t b y a fold
o f sk in . T h e d isk o f th is b o n e is a c u te ly c re s c e n tic , with
a n o b tu s e n o tc h o n its ed g e b e n e a th th e cu rv e , a n d its u n -
♦ TLe name o f Ptycholcjns could not in any case have stood, as it
h ad, together with almost every Greek compound th a t can be devised to
signify sculpture of the scales, been appropriated bv M. Agas.siz to fossil
genera, th ough I was n o t aware o f th a t fac t when 111 search of a characteristic
generic name.
i The passage is "M a x im e autem Graijiis el Richardsuniiis nohis vickn-
lu r vtluperandi, qm eundem piseem Leuciscuin (Ptycbolopiii) salmoncum
n u n (^p a n t, p m m inter omnes Cy p n n um in Oeeano pisca tu ri." On th is I
would fu rth er observe th a t the Cyprini are n o t absolutely confined to
fresh waters, some of the Catastomi frequent the sa lt estuaries of Uie northern
rivers o f America, an d in page 44 of tliis work I have described a
purely marine fish, th e Rlii/nckana greyi, which, i f it be not a Cyimnoid,
seems to be more uearly related to th a t family th an to any other.
d e r lirab, w h ic h is ve ry lo n g a n d n a r row ,is o b s c u r e ly m a rk e d
b y a se rie s o f p o re s . T h e su b o p e r c u lum sh ow s a sm o o th ,
sh in in g , s lig h tly c o n v e x lin e a r d isk , se v e n o r e ig h t tim e s
le ss in h e ig h t th a n th e o p e rc u lum . T h e e y e is la rg e , n e a r
th e p ro file , h a l f th e d iam e te r o f th e o rb it from th e o rific e
o f th e m o u th , a n d a d iam e te r a n d a h a l f from th e ed g e o f
th e g ill-cove r. T h e m o u th is sm a ll a n d te rm in a l ; th e in te
rm a x illa ry th ic k ish , c o n v e x , a n d w ith o u t p ro tr a c tility .
T h e m a x illa ry is s to u t a n d sem i-o v a l, its u p p e r e n d fits in to
a n o tc h in th e in te rm a x illa ry , its low e r a n d w id e r e n d
p la y s on th e lira b o f th e low e r j aw, a n d o n ly a sm a ll p a r t
o f its s h o u ld e r e n te rs in to th e com p o s itio n o f th e orific e o f
th e m outh. T h e r e is a s lig h t fo ld o f sk in o n th e ed g e o f
th e low e r jaw , b u t 011 th e u p p e r ja w th e in te g um e n ts
ad h e re c lo se ly to th e b o n e s . T h e fo u r g ill-ra y s a re s tr a p sh
a p e d , ve ry th in a n d fla t. T h e r e a re n o s c a le s o n th e
he a d , wh ich is fla ttish a b o v e a n d gi-adually n a rrow s from th e
n a p e to th e sn o u t. On th e o c c ip u t th e s id e s o f th e h e a d
a re m u ch ro u n d e d off l a te ra lly , b u t th e u p p e r b o rd e r o f th e
o rb it is p rom in e n t a n d ro u n d ed .
T h e s c a le s a re o f m o d e ra te riz e , th e r e b e in g e ig h ty -s e v e n
on th e la te r a l lin e , a n d a b o u t tw e n ty - th r e e o r tw en ty -fo u r
rows iu th e h e ig h t. T h e y a re s u b o rb ic u la r , o f a d e lic a te
te x tu r e , a n d a re d iv id e d a t th e b a s e in to tw o o r th r e e lo b e s
b y sh a llow o b tu s e n o tc h e s , a n d h a v e n o n e o f th e u s u a l fu r rows.
T h e e x p o s e d d isk is m a rk e d b y from tw en ty to
forty slig h tly d iv e rg e n t gro o v e s, p ro d u c in g a c o iT e spoiiding
n um b e r o f ro u n d e d rid g e s , w h ic h te rm in a te on th e e d g e in
a c u te p o in ts .
A lo n g , p o in te d s c a le lie s ab o v e , a n d a n o th e r b e low th e
p e c to ra l, w h ic h is sm a ll a n d p la c e d low d ow n . T h e d o rs a l
f ill com m enc e s e x a c tly m idw a y b e tw e e n th e tip o f th e
sn o u t a n d e n d o f th e s c a le s o n th e b a s e o f th e c a u d a l f in ;
its th re e a n te r io r r a y s a r e sh o rt, g r a d u a te d , a n d c lo s e ly in cum
b en t, w ith o u t v is ib le jo in t s ; a n d th e inavgiu o f th e fin
is c re s c e n tic w ith a c u te p o in ts , th e a n te r io r p o in t b e in g
m u ch h ig h e r th a n th e p o s te r io r one. A s c a ly f ille t em b
ra c e s th e b a s e o f th e fin lik e a sh e a th , a n d n e a r ly co v e rs
tlie ray s , w h e n th e y a re r e c um b e n t. T h e v e n tra ls a re a t ta
c h e d o p p o s ite to th e m id d le o f th e d o rs a l. A lo n g a c u te
sc a le e x is ts above th e fin, a n d a b ro a d e r a n d sh o r te r o ne
b e twe en i t a n d its fellow. T h e a n a l is s h a p e d lik e th e d o rsa
l, b u t is sm a lle r, a n d i t h a s a s im ila r s c a ly sh e a th w h ich
n e a rly co n c e a ls th e r a y s w h e n th e y a re la id fla tly b a c k .
T h e c a u d a l fin is ve ry d e e p ly fo rk ed , w ith a c u te lo b e s , o f
w h ic h th e u p p e r o n e is r a th e r th e lo n g e s t. T w o s c a ly fille
ts s e p a ra te th e fo u r c e n tra l ra y s from th e lo b e s.
F o r s te r d e s c rib e s th e c o lo u r a s b lu is h o n th e b a c k a n d
silvery on th e b o d y , th e h e a d a lso s h in in g a n d s ilv e ry , with
an u ltram a rin e t in t ro u n d th e ey e s a n d 011 th e fore p a r t o f
th e gill-cover.
T h e sp e c im en from w h ich o u r fig u re is ta k e n was p ro c
u red m a b ra c k ish la g o o n n e a r P o in t Sm ith , P o r t E s s in g -
to ii, in N o v em b e r, 1844. T h e o n e d e s c r ib e d in th e
An n a ls a n d M a g a z in e o f N a tu r a l H i s to r y ’ was s p e a re d
n e a r th e same p o in t, b u t th e n a tiv e s s ta te th a t i t g en e ra lly
in h a b its d e e p w a te r, a n d ra re ly a p p ro a c h e s th e shore .
L e n g th 19 inche s.
H a b . N o r th a n d w e s t c o a s ts o f A u s tra lia , T o r r e s S tra its ,
Is la n d o f T a n n a .
E lops machnata. F o r sk a l, N o . 100.
A'/ons mncAnaia, Rü p p e ll. Neu e W irlb . 80—84 ; Rich a rd so n , Report
on the Ic h th . of th e seas o f C h in a a n d J a p a n made to th e B rit. Assoc,
vol. xiv. p. 310. An. 1845. Jinagow, R u s s e ll, 179.
R a d i i:— B . 3 2 ; D . 2 4 ; A. 1 7 ; C. 1 9 i ; P . 1 7 ; V. 14.
P la te X X X V I ., fig. 3, n a tu r a l s iz e ; 4 , 5 , m a g n ifie d .
T h is fish h a s a lre a d y b e e n we ll r e p r e s e n te d b y R u s s e ll,
a n d th e s p e c im e n from w h ic h o u r fig u re is ta k e n b e in g a
C h in e s e o n e , h a s n o d ir e c t c la im for adm is s io n in to a work
d e v o te d to th e p u b lic a tio n o f S ir J am e s R o s s ’s c o lle c tio n ,
b u t w h en th e p la te was e x e c u te d som e m o n th s ago, I w a s
d e s iro u s , b y d ir e c tly c o n tr a s tin g th e E lo p s w ith F o r s te r ’s
M u g i l s a lm o n em , o f p la c in g b e y o n d d o u b t C u v ie r’s m is ta
k e , iu c o n s id e r in g th e tw o fish to b e o ne s p e c ie s , n o t b e in
g th e n aware t h a t th is ta s k h a d p rev io u s ly b e e n p e r -
foi-med b y R ü p p e ll in h is ‘ N e u e W ir lb e th ie r e ,’ a s h a s b e e n
s ta te d above.
T h e f ig u re is draw n from a d r ie d sp e c im e n , w h ic h h a s
lo s t m o s t o f its o rig in a l tin ts o f c o lo u r. T h e su b o rb ita r
c h a in in c lu d in g th e p r e o rb ita r is n a rrow a n d lin e a r b e n e a th
th e ey e s, a n d its u p p e r ed g e is r a is e d in form o f a sm o o th
ev e n rid g e , w h ich b e c om e s m o re d is tin c tly tu b u la r , a n d u n e
v e n o n th e p o s te rio r m a rg in o f th e o rb it. T h e c h e ek ,
wh ich is m o d e ra te ly la rg e , is w h o lly b e h in d th e o rb it, a n d
th e d isk o f th e p re o p e rc u liin i, w h ic h is th in , w id e , a n d
sm o o th , h a s a p a r a b o lic o u tlin e . One th i rd p a r t o f th e
m a x illa ry p a s s e s th e o rb it, a u d its w h o le fro n t ed g e u p to
th e ro u n d e d tip , a n d th e e d g e s a lso o f th e in te rm a x illa r ie s
a n d lowe r jaw , a re ro u g h w ith sm a ll g r a n u la r te e th ; th e
d e n ta l p la te s w id e n in g tow a rd s th e sym p h y s e s , a n d th e in te
rio r row o f te e th b e in g th e r e r a th e r lo n g e r a n d more
a c u te , s in c e le s s w o rn . T h e te e th o n th e v om e r a u d p a la te
b o n e s a re d isp o s e d in c o n s id e r a b ly b ro a d e r b ru sh - lik e
p la te s with a move ev en fla t surfa c e . A sm o o th low r id g e
ru n n in g from th e n o s trils tra v e rs e s th e a n te r io r f ro n ta l b o n e
a n d d is a p p e a rs o n th e u p p e r b o rd e r o f th e o rb it. A n o th e r
(th e la te r a l rid g e ) r is in g a lso a t th e n o s tr ils , ru n s d ire c tly
b a c kw a rd s in th e in lv a -o rb ita l sp a c e , b u t s in k s a g a in to th e
lev e l o f th e sk u ll o p p o s ite th e p o s te r io r p a r t o f th e orbit.
T h e sp a c e b e tw e e n th is rid g e a n d its fe llow is c o n c a v e ;
o u ts id e o f i t th e sk u ll is c o n v e x a n d ris e s ab o v e it, so th a t
i t m u s t b e w h o lly c o n c e a le d in th e r e c e n t fish. T h e tem p
o r a l rid g e is sm o o th a n d s lig h tly e le v a te d , th o u g h c o n sp
ic u o u s e n o u g h in th e d rie d sp e c im en . l 'I le o c c ip u t is
co n v e x .
T h o s c a le s a re to le r a b ly la rg e , b u t b e in g m u c h tile d on ly
a sm a ll rh om b o id a l p o rd o o o f th e d isk is v is ib le . T h e ir
e x te r io r ed g e s a re th in , d e lic a te , a n d b e in g e a s ily to rn , a re
for th e m o s t p a r t irre g u la r. T h e s e e d g e s a rc u n d u la te d , p ru -
d u c in g w h en in s i lu th e s em b la n c e o f fin e te e lh o r stre ak s,
b u t w h en th e s c a le s a re w e t a n d p la c e d in th e m ic ro s co p e
th e s tre a k s d is a p p e a r , h e n c e th e y a rc n o t sh ow n in th e
d r aw in g o f th e m a g n ifie d s c a le , fig. 4. R u s s e ll in d ic a te s
th em in h is p la te , b u t s u c h fine lin e s n o t b e in g s u ite d for
lith o g r a p h y , th e y c o u ld n o t b e in tro d u c e d in to o u r figure,
w ith o u t r e n d e r in g i t d a rk e r lh a u it o u g h t to b e . T lie re are
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