tip o f th e s n o u t a s to th e g ill-o p e n in g . I t s d iam e te r is
o n e -fifth o f th e le n g th o f th e h e a d . T h e u p p e r rim o f th e
o rb i t is s lig h tly p rom in e n t, a u d th e in te ro rb ita l sp a c e ,
w h o s e b r e a d th e x c e e d s th e d iam e te r o f th e ey e b y a th ird ,
i s Hat, th e f la tn e s s r e a c h in g from th e h in d h e a d to n e a r th e
n o s trils . O n e n a s a l o rific e , w ith a tu b u la r vim, is s itu a te d
a s h o r t w ay b e fo re th e ey e . T h e o th e r o p e n in g is very
sm a ll, a n d c lo s e to th e ed g e o f th e s n o u t, b u t i t d o e s n o t
d iffe r in a p p e a r a n c e from th e n e ig h b o u r in g p o re s .
T h e h e a d is a lm o s t e n tire ly d e s titu te o f s c a le s , a u d its
u p p e r su rfa c e is ro u g h w ith in n um e ra b le , p o ro u s , co n ic a l
p ap ilU e . O n th e s id e o f th e h e a d th e ro u g h n e s s is
p r o d u c e d b y n iu u ile c r e s ts , o r tlriu , s h o r t, c u tic u la r rid g e s ,
w h ic h o c c a s io n a lly an a s tom o s e , o r d iv id e . T h e s c a le s o f
th e b o d y te rm in a te o n th e n a p e in a c o n v e x cu rv e , w h ic h
is o n a lin e w ith th e u p p e r e n d s o f th e p r e o p e rc u la , a n d
sw e e p s b a c kw a rd s o n e a c h s id e to th e g ill-o p e n in g s . A n te
r io r to th is th e r e is a sm a ll p a tc h o f s c a le s o n e a c h lim b
o f th e s u p r a - s c a p u la r , a n d fo u r o r five sm a ll ro u n d sc a le s ,
d e e p ly im b e d d e d in th e in te g um e n t, l ie in a lin e , s tr e tc h in g
from th e in fe rio r ed g e o f th e o rb it ov e r th e tem p le s . M a n y
sm a ll o p e n p o re s a re s c a tte r e d ov e r th e h e a d , p a r lic n la ily
o n th e s n o u t a n d lip s . F iv e rem a rk a b le o n e s p e rfo ra te th e
d is k o f th e p r e o p e r c u liim , a n d th e re a re th r e e o n e a c h
lim b o f tb e low e r jaw . T h e p r e o rb ita r h a s a n o b lo n g
r e c ta n g u la r fo rm , a n d is o f m o d e ra te s iz e , b u t its fo rm is
c o n c e a le d b y tb e in te g um e n t w h ich is c o n tin u o u s w ith th e
c h e e k . T h e r e s t o f th e s u b o rb ita r c h a in is m e re ly a row
o f sm a ll tu b e s , c lo s e ly em b ra c in g th e u n d e r h a l f o f th e
o rb it.
T h e m o u th is te rm in a l a n d r a th e r sm a ll, e x te n d in g b a c k w
a rd s on ly to th e a n te r io r th i r d o f th e eye. T h e tum id
a n d ro n g h is h Ups fo ld b a c k o n th e in te i-m ax illa rie s a n d
low e r jaw . T h e te e th o n th e j aw s a re s h o r t, s u b u la te , a n d
s lig h tly c u rv e d , a n d n e a r th e sym p h y s e s a re d is p o s e d in
fo u r o r five row s , w h ic h o n th e lim b s o f th e jaw s a re
re d u c e d to o n e . T h o s e fo rm in g th e e x te r io r row a re a litd e
s to u te r th a n th e re s t. T h e r e is a n a rrow b u t firm v e lum
b e h in d th e te e th on b o th jaw s . T h e ro o f o f th e m o u th is
sm o o th , a n d th e p h a ry n g e a l te e th a re a little sm a lle r th a n
th o s e o f th e jaw s . T h e r a th e r s le n d e r m a x illa ry is c o n c
e a le d , for th e g r e a te r p a r t o f its le n g th , w h e n th e jaw s
a re c lo s e d , b y th e e d g e o f th e p re o rb ita r . I t s low e r, w id e r,
a u d t r u n c a te d e n d , p a s s e s b e y o n d th e p r e o rb ita r , cu rv e s a
little fo rw a rd s , a n d is e x p o s e d a t th e an g le o f th e m o u th .
T h e p r e o p e rc u lum h a s a n o b tu s e ly e llip tic a l o u tlin e ,
a p p ro a c h in g to tb e s e gm e n t o f a c irc le , w ith a p e rfe c tly
e n tir e e d g e , w h ich is fre e , a n d c a p a b le o f b e in g e lev a ted .
T h e b o n y o p e r c u lum h a s a s em i-c irc u la r n o tc h in th e
u p p e r p a r t o f its p o s te r io r e d g e , th e b o n e th e r e b e in g
s tr e n g th e n e d b y tw o low r ib s , w h o s e p o in ts form th e c o rn
e r s o f th e n o tc h . T w o - th ird s o f a d isk o f th e b o n e is
b e low th e n o tc h . T h e s u b o p c rc u lum is m u c h le s s h ig h .
T h e s e p a r ts a r e c o n c e a le d iu th e r e c e n t fish , b u t sh ow a
l i t t le a s th e in te g um e n t d rie s . T h e th in in te ro p ev cu lum
i s r a th e r b ro a d . T h e g ill-ra y s a re s to u tis h , a n d som e w
h a t c u rv e d , a n d th e g ill-m em b ra n e is a l ittle n a r row e d a t
th e e d g e , w h ic h c au s e s i t to swell o u t w h en fu lly e x te n d e d ,
th e p la y o f th e p ie c e s o f th e g ill-c o v e r p ro d u c in g a c o rre s
p o n d in g b u lg in g o u t o f th e s id e s o f th e h e a d . T h e m em b
ra n e s a re u n ite d o n th e th ro a t , a n d a f re e ed g e is le ft
w h e r e th e y a d h e r e to th e is llim u s .* O n th e ra y s th e
c u tic le is ro u g h , b u t i t is sm o o th in th e fo ld s o f th e m em b
r a n e . T h e b o n e s o f th e h um e r a l c h a in a re sm o o th .
T h e s c a le s a re m o d e ra te ly la rg e , th e r e b e in g fifty -fo u r
in a row b e tw e e n th e g ill-o p e n in g a n d b a s e o f th e c a u d a l,
e x c lu s iv e o f two o r th r e e sm a ll o n e s o n th e l a t t e r fin, a n d
e ig h te e n in a v e r tic a l row a n te r io r ly , o f w h ich s ix art-
a b o v e th e la te r a l lin e . E a c h s c a le is tru n c a te d a t th e b a s e ,
h a s tw o p a r a lle l s id e s , a n d a ro u n d e d fre e e d g e , its le n g th
a n d b r e a d th b e in g a b o u t e q u a l. T e n o r twelve d iv e rg in g
furrows c ro s s th e c e n tr e o f th e d isk , a n d e n d o n th e b a s a l
e d g e , w h e re th e y p ro d u c e a c o rre sp o n d in g n um b e r o f c re -
n a tu r e s . T h e s em ic ir c u la r tip is c o v e red w ith th ic k e p i-
deiTuis, w h ic h u n d e r th e le n s a p p e a r s to b e d o tte d with
ste llifovm sp e c k s . W h e n th e in te g um e n t is rem o v ed , little
p i t s a p p e a r o n th e s c a le , b u t th e r e a re n o ro u g h p o in ts , o r
th e s lig h te s t in d ic a tio n o f t e e th . T h i s is th e c h a r a c te r o f
th e s c a le s g e n e ra lly o n th e b a c k , b e lly a n d ta il, b u t o n th e
s id e s b e h in d th e p e c to r a l th e s c a le s a re m o re tru n c a te d a t
th e tip , w ith o u t th e m em b ra n o u s ed g e , a n d a re d is tin c tly
to o th e d o n th e ed g e . T h e d iffe ren c e o f th e two k in d s o f
sc a le s is n o t r e a d ily p e r c e p tib le to th e n a k e d ey e . T h e
la te r a l lin e m n s n e a r th e b a c k , a n d te rm in a te s u n d e r th e
th i r t i e th r a y o f th e s e c o n d d o rs a l, r e c om m e n c in g tw o
s c a le s low e r d ow n , a n d ru n n in g a lo n g m id -h e ig h t o f th e
t a il to e n d a t th e b a s e o f th e c a u d a l. E x c e p t tw o o r
th r e e c row d ed rows o f sm a ll s c a le s o n th e b a s e o f th e
c a u d a l, a n d th e p a tc h w h ich e n c ro a c h e s on th e b a s e o f th e
p e c to r a l an te rio rly , th e r e a re n o s c a le s on th e fins. T h e
p e c to r a l is n a k e d p o s te rio rly .
T h e v e n tr a ls , h a v in g m u c h r e s em b la n c e to th o s e o f a n
E le o tr is , a re s itu a te d b e fo re th e b a s e s o f th e p e c to ra ls .
T h e ir sm a ll sp in e h a s a fle x ib le tip . T h e p e c to r a ls a re
r a th e r la rg e , a n d a re ro u n d e d . T h e y r e a c h b e y o n d th e
an u s . T h e firs t d o rs a l c om m en c e s o v e r th e b a s e o f th e
p e c to r a ls , a n d is s u s ta in e d b y five fle x ib le ray s . T h e
s e c o n d d o r s a l b e g in s c lo s e to th e e n d o f th e f irs t o n e , a n d
h a s an even o u tlin e . A ll its r a y s a re jo in te d , b u t th e first
is iin b r a n c h e d , th o u g h i t s lip is d iv id e d b y a d a rk lin e .
T h e l a s t r a y is d iv id e d to th e b a s e . T h e a n a l, s im ila r in
form to th e s e c o n d d o rs a l, h a s n o sp in o u s ray . T h e c a u d a l
i s ev e n a t th e e n d , w ith th e c om e r s ro u n d e d ofl'.
T h e co lo u rs o f th e fish a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n o b s c u r e , b u t
th e y c a n n o t b e m a d e o u t from th e sp e c im e n s . T h e g ill-
m em b ra n e a n d u n d e r s u rfa c e o f th e h e a d a re w h ite . T h e r e
a re som e d a rk m a rk s o n th e g ill-co v e r, a n d th e w h o le
u p p e r su rfa c e is d a rk ish .
T h e in te s tin e s o f th e sp e c im e n e x am in e d w e re som e w
h a t d am a g e d , b u t th e s tom a c h w a s d is tin c tly m a d e o u t
to b e -wide, w ith a s h o r t c o n ic a l p y lo r ic b r a n c h g o in g o ff
la te r a lly a t a b o u t tb e th ird o f th e h e ig h t, from th e ro u n d e d
fu n d u s . T h e in te rn a l su rfa c e , e sp e c ia lly tow a rd s th e
p y lo ru s , is fin e ly re tic u la te d , a n d c o a rs e ly p la ite d . T h e
p y lo ru s is m u c h c o n tr a c te d , a n d five o b tu s e c a jc a su rro u n d
th e g u t im m e d ia te ly be low it , th e lo n g e s t e x c e e d in g an
in c h in le n g th . T h e g u t w a s fille d w ith E n iom o s lra c a ,
a n d a few sm a ll sh e lls.
*• In llie Bleolris the gill-membrane is attaclied to each side of ihe
navvow isUimus, is not united to its fellow, exterior to it, and couse-
qucntly has uo free edge a t the union.
DIMENSIONS.
I,ciiirlh from the inleruiaxillary symphysis to extremity
o fc ^ ad . 1 .................................. 10-20 .nthei.
Length of head to gill-opemiig...........................
„ caudal fin .............................................
Height of the head a t the occiput......................
body at the first doi-sal ......................
Width of the Iiead a t the preopercula .............
„ of shoulder at the first dorsal..................
Distance between the eyes ...................................
Diameter of the orbit...........................................
1-75
2-14
2-10
2-14
0-Í55
0-50
H a i3. T h e c o a s ts o f K e rg u e le n 's la n d , a n d o f th e A u c k l
a n d I s la n d s .
N o t o t h e n ia c y a n o u r a n c h a . R ic h a rd s o n .
C h . S pec. N . c a p ite ( p r a t e r g e n a s , p a r te s supra-scapu-^
la r e s e t su p e r io r e s o p e r c u li s q u am o s a s j, c u te le v issiin d
t e c to : p in n d c a u d a r o i u n d a t d ; p i jm i s d o r s i m em h r a n d
c o n n e x is ; m em h r a n d b ra n ch io s leg d m a r g in e ca ru le o .
R A D i l : - B r . 6 ; D . 41— 3 6 ; A. 3 2 ; C. 2 2 ; P . 21 ; V . l |5 .
P l a t e IV ., figs. 1, 2 , n a tu r a l siz e .
T h is s p e c ie s h a s a r a th e r sm a lle r a n d m o re d e p re s s e d
h e a d th a n th e p r e c e d in g o n e , th e to ta l le n g th o f th e
fish b e in g e q u a l to á \ tim e s th a t o f th e h e a d . T h e w id th
o f th e h e a d is e q u a l to its le n g th , its h e ig h t is le s s . T h e
to p o f th e h e a d , th e p r e o rb ita r , su b o rb ita r s , a u d low e r p a r ts
o f tb e g ill-p la te s , a re co v e red w ith p e r f e c tly sm o o th in te g u m
e n t, w ith o u t a v e s tig e o f th e papillae w h ich a re c row d e d
o v e r th e h e a d o f coriic ep s. T h e r e a re , h ow e v e r, tw o sm a ll
s c a ly p a tc h e s o n th e lim b s o f th e s u p r a s c a p u la r on e a ch
s id e , a n d n e a rly th e w h o le c h e e k a n d th e u p p e r q u a r te r
o f th e o p e r c u lum a re s c a ly . P o r e s e x i s t o n th e p r e o p e r c
u lum a n d lowe r jaw a s in th e p r e c e d in g sp e c ie s , a n d th e re
a re a lso som e o n 'th e sn o u t, a n d o n th e u p p e r m a rg in s o f th e
o rb its . T h e te e th d o n o t fo rm m o re th a n two ir r e g u la r
row s a t th e s ym p h y s is o f th e jaw s , a n d a re sm a lle r o n th e
p h a ry n g e a l b o n e s th a n th o s e o f co riic ep s. T h e two d o rs a ls
a re a lso jo in e d a t th e b a s e b y m em b ra n e ; th e n um b e rs o f
th e ra y s differ. I n o th e r p a r ts o f s tru c tu r e th e re s em b la n c e
is c lo se . T h e la te ra l lin e is in te r r u p te d u n d e r th e th ir tie th
ray o f th e s e c o n d d o rs a l, a n d in re c om m e n c in g ag a in
b e low , i t is fa in tly sh ow n f a r th e r fo rw a rd . A b a n d o f d e e p
p u rp le , o r b lu e , sk irts tb e ed g e o f th e g ill-m em b ra n e . I n
th is s p e c ie s m o s t o f th e s c a le s o f th e b o d y a re to o th e d on
th e p o s te r io r e d g e , th o s e h a v in g a sm o o th m em b ra n e o u s
m a rg in b e in g c o n fin e d to th e sum m it o f tb e b a c k a n d
v e n tr a l surfa c e . A s c a le ta k e n from th e s id e is n e a rly
e q u a lly fo u r-s id ed , th e p o s te r io r e d g e b e in g c o n v e x ly
c u rv e d in a s lig h t d e g re e , a n d fin e ly to o th e d . T h e
b a s e s o f te e th w h ic h h a v e w o rn off, p ro d u c e r o u n d e d em in
e n c e s on a na rrow p a r t o f th e d isk , a d jo in in g th e ed g e .
F ifte e n fu rrow s c om m e n c e c lo s e to th is ro u g h b o rd e r , c ro s s
th e d isk , a n d e n d o n th e b a s e , in c lu d in g i ts ro u n d e d com e rs ,
p ro d u c in g a c o rre sp o n d in g n um b e r o f c re n a tu re s . T h e r e a re
s ix row s o f sm a ll s c a le s o n th e b a s e o f th e p e c to r a l, a n te r
io rly . T h e c o rre sp o n d in g p a r t b e h in d is n a k e d . T h e
l a s t r a y s o f th e s e co n d d o rs a l a n d a n a l a re d iv id e d to th e
b a s e .
T h e in te s tin e s we re d am a g e d , so th a t th e ir form c o u ld
n o t b e fully a s c e rta in e d , b u t fo u r p y lo r ic c a jc a w e re c le a rly
m a d e o u t, a n d th e r e m ay , p e rh a p s , b e a fifth. N o v e s tig e
o f a n a ir -b la d d e r w a s s e en .
DIMENSIONS.
Length from intermaxillary symphysis to end of caudal
Length ftoni intermaxiiiary symphysis to gill-opening... 2T>& „
„ of caudal .......................................................
Thickness at preopercula ...............................................
Height at occiput ...........................................................
„ 1st dorsal...........................................................
Diameter of orhil ...........................................................
Breadth between orbits ................................................. .
H ad. T h e c o a s ts o f K e rg u e le n ’s L a n d .
1-40
2-22
1-85
2-15
0-50
0-50
N o t o t h e n ia p u r p u r ic e p s . R ic h a rd s o n .
C h . s p e c . N . p in n i s d o r s a lih m d is c r e tis , p in n d p r io r i
su p e rn e n ig r d : g e n i s h em ile p id o lis ; c a p ite p u r p u r e o .
R iD l i :— B . 6 ; D . 4]— 35 ; A. 3 1 ; C . 1 1 ^ ; P . 2 1 ;
P la te I I ., figs. 3 a n d 4, n a tu r a l siz e .
T h i s s p e c ie s c o n s id e r a b ly re s em b le s th e la s t o n e , b u t it
is le s s c om p re s s e d p o s te r io r ly ; its w h o le h e a d h a s a p u rp le
h u e , a n d th e ed g e o f th e g ill-m em b ra n e h a s th e da rk
b lu is h t in t o f c y a n o b ra n c h a : th e f ir s t d o rs a l is n o t u n ite d
b y m em b ra n e G tb e s e c o n d , a n d th e u p p e r h a l f o n lv o f
th e c h e e k is sc a ly . T h e r e a re a lso som e m m u te d iffe re
n c e s in th e form o f th e s c a le s n e a r th e tem p le s . T h e r e
a re fifty -tw o row s o f s c a le s b e tw e e n th e g ill-o p e n in g a n d
c a u d a l fin. T h e ta il is le s s c om p re s s e d th a n in th e o th e r
tw o sp e c ie s . T h e v e n t is c lo s e to th e f ir s t r a y o f th e an a l
fm , w ith i t s orific e fa c in g it, a n d th e r e is n o a n a l p a p illa .
O u r e x am p le s o f th e o th e r s p e c ie s h a d b e e n s lit o p e n o n th e
b e lly , so th a t th e n o n - e x is te n c e o f a n a n a l p a p illa c o u ld n o t
b e c le a r ly a s c e r ta in e d . In th e e n um e ra tio n o f th e ra y s g iven
ab o v e , th e la s t tw o o f th e d o rs a l a n d a n a l a re c o n s id e r e d
a s s e p a r a te ra y s , in s te a d o f b r a n c h e s o f o n e r a y , a s in th e
p r e c e d in g sp e c ie s . IT ie te e th a re s im ila r to th o s e o f
c ya n o b ra n ch a .
T h e fo llow in g a n a tom ic a l p a r tic u la r s we re a s c e rta in e d .
T h e in te s tin e s s im ila r to th o s e o f co riic ep s, th e p y lo n c
cæ c a five in n um b e r . I n th e s k e le to n th e to p o f th e sk u ll
is sm o o th a n d ro u n d e d , b o th tr a n sv e r s e ly a n d lo n g itu d in
a lly , w ith o u t rid g e s . T h e th in p a p e ry p r e o rb ita r h a s an
o b lo n g r e c ta n g u la r fo rm ; th e o th e r b o n e s o f th e s u b o rb ita r
c h a in a re m e re n a rrow tu b e s w h ic h b o u n d th e in fe rio r h a lf
o f th e o rb it. T b e p re o p e r c u lum is tra v e rs e d b y c a n a ls in
i t s su b s ta n c e , w h ic h o p en o n th e d isk b y o b liq u e , in -eg u la r
m o u th s . I t s o u te r e d g e is th in a n d e n tir e , a n d th e m le g u -
in e iit wh ich co v e rs i t is p e r fo r a te d b y p o r e s , a s in th e
o th e r sp e c ie s . T h e o p e rc u lum h a s a q u a d r a n la l form,
with a n o tc h o c c u p y in g th e u p p e r q u a r te r o f its p o s te rio r
c u rv e d ed g e . T h e a c u te p o in ts w h ic h b o u n d th e n o tc h ,
a re th e tip s o f tw o d e p r e s s e d s le n d e r rid g e s , o r sm o o th
r ib s , wh ich s tr e n g th e n th e b o n e , a n d m e e t a n te r io r ly a t Us
a r tic u la r an g le . T h e su b o p e rc u lum is n a rrow , a n d ta p e r s
in to a th in s iibm em b ra n e o u s tip . T h e in te ro p e rc u liim
is r a th e r w id e , o b lo n g , a n d tliiu , w ith a n ev en ed g e . A
tliiu p o s te rio r r id g e g iv e s s tr e n g th to th e lim b o f th e in te r -
m a x illa ry . T h e r e a re fo r ty - s ix v e rteb rm , fifte en o f w h ich
a re ab d om in a l.