i ■
c a r tila g in o u s r a y , w h ich lie s in th e b r a n c h io s te g o u s m em b
r a n e , a b o v e th e u p p e rm o s t ra y , a u d p a r a lle l to it, a u d
m ig h t b e e a s ily m is ta k e n for a s e v e n th ra y . T h e r e is a
d e e p n o tc h o n th e u p p e r ed g e o f th e o p e r c u lum , above
th e sp in e , w h ich is fille d b y m em b ra n e . T h e g ill-o p e n in g
is p r e tty la rg e , b u t m o s tly v e rtic a l. T h e b ra n c h io s te g o u s
ra y s a re c y lin d r ic a l a n d s le n d e r , a n d th e m em b ra n e , w h e n
e x te n d e d , b u lg e s , from th e g r e a te r umTOwness o f its
ed g e .
T h e r e a re n o s c a le s ; th e sk in b e in g sm o o th , a n d a p p a r
e n tly d e s titu te o f sk in n y p ro c e s s e s . T h e la te r a l lin e com m
e n c e s a t th e o rb it, u n ite s with its fe llow b y a tra n sv e rs e
lin e o n th e n a p e , th e n ru n s to th e u p p e r an g le o f th e g ill-
o p e n in g , a n d from th e n c e c ro s s e s th e sh o u ld e r to th e b a s e
o f th e s e c o n d d o rs a l, a t th e m id d le o f w h ic h i t te rm in a te s .
A t f irs t i t is tr a c e d b y a s e rie s o f c o n tig u o u s tu b e s , w ith
o p e n m o u th s , b u t b e fo re i t te rm in a te s b y th r e e o r fo u r
p o r e s o n ly , w ith o u t th e tu b e s . T w o o r th re e p its m a y b e
s e e n , w ith d ifficu lty , a t th e b a s e o f th e c a u d a l, o n th e
le v e l o f its m id d le ra y s , a s i f th e lin e h a d re c om m e n c e d
th e re .
T h e p e c to r a l a n d c a u d a l fin s a re ro u n d e d in o u tlin e .
T h e firs t d o rs a l is som ew h a t tr ia n g u la r , a n d is su p p o r te d
b y th r e e fle x ib le , filiform, jo in tle s s ra y s . A ll th e ra y s o f
th e s e c o n d d o rs a Î (tw en ty -fo u r) a re jo in te d , a n d th e la s t o n e
is d iv id e d to tb e b a s e . T h e a n a l c o n ta in s s e v e n te e n ra y s ,
th e l a s t b e in g d iv id e d , a n d a ll o f th em jo in te d . T h e
v e n tra ls , in p o s itio n a n d form, re s em b le th o s e o f a n E le o tr
is . T h e y a re a l ittle in a d v a n c e o f th e p e c to ra ls . T h e
s p in e is sh o rt, a n d h a s a fle x ib le tip .
T h e o r ig in a l co lo u rs h a v e p e r is h e d , b u t th e sp e c im e n s
s till sh ow o b liq u e d a rk b a n d s o n th e b o d y a n d s e c o n d
d o r s a l, a n d th r e e o r fo u r n a rrow tr a n s v e r s e b a n d s o n th e
p e c to r a ls a u d c a u d a l.
T h e sk e le to n shows a v e ry s h o r t o c c ip ita l sp in e , w h ic h
d o e s n o t ris e a b o v e th e h in d h e a d , a n d is n o t v is ib le in th e
r e c e n t fish . T h e v e rte b ræ a re th irty -fiv e , o f w h ic h e leven
a re a b d om in a l a n d tw en ty -fo u r c a u d a l. T h e p e rito n e um
is s ilv e ry , w ith m in u te d a rk b row n s p e c k s , T h e live r,
b ro a d , th in , a n d ro u n d e d , lie s o n th e v e n tr a l su rfa c e o f
th e u p p e r p a r t o f th e s tom a c h , em b ra c in g th e oe so p h a g u s ,
a n d h a v in g a fissu re o n th e le f t s id e , to h a l f i ts d e p th , s e p a r
a t in g a sm a ll o b tu s e to n g u e - s h a p e d lo b e . S tom a c h n e a rly
g lo b u la r , w ith a v e ry s h o r t p y lo r ic b r a n c h o n th e rig h t
s id e . T h e in te s tin e m a k e s a s h o r t co n v o lu tio n o n th e r ig h t
s id e o f th e s tom a c h , n o t d e s c e n d in g to th e fu n d u s o f th a t
v is c u s , a n d th e n ru n s s tr a ig h t to th e an u s . T h r e e sh o rt
c o n ic a l c æ c a s u r ro u n d th e p y lo ru s . T h e re is n o air-
b la d d e r . T h e s tom a c h fille d m o re th a n h a lf th e b e lly ,
a n d c o n ta in e d C ru s ta c e a . A p a r a s itic worm was h a lf
b u r ie d in th e live r.
DIMENSIONS.
Len g lb from tip of sn o u t to en d o f cau d a l fin .................. 2-.3S inches.
„ u p per an g le of g ill-opening 0 65 „
„ p o in t o f opercular spine ... 0'76 „
Breadih’between tips of op e rcu lar spines ........................... 0-78 „
„ „ subopercular d itto .................... 0'85 „
H e ig h t of n a p e .................................................................... 0-40 „
Len g th of c a u d a l...................................................................... 0'40 „
Diamete r of eye.................................................................... 0-18 „
C h æ n i c ’i-h y s . R ic h a rd so n .
Ckannicthjs, Richardson. Ann. Nat. Hist., June, 1844.
C a p u t m a g n um , c r a n io scabro, su b ie tra g o n o , f a c i e h o r i-
z o n ta l i a n te oc idos lo n g â , la te r a lite r q iie p e r p a r ie te s
o r is m em b ra n á c eo s d ila ta b ile s a u c td .
F a u x la x is s im a , h o r iz o n ta lis , t e iin in a l i s ; r ic tu su p e rn e
a h ossibxis in t e rm a x i l la r ib u s ( s a tis m o b ilib u s n e c tarnen
p ro p te rp e d ic e llo ru rn e x im ia m h r e v ita tem p r o tr a c tilib u s j
fa c t o . Os m a x illa r e g ra c ile , p a u lo in f c u r v a tum , a n g
u lu m ta n tu m o ris a ttin g e n s , n e c sub a c iem ossis p r e o r -
b i ta l i s r e d d e n s .
D e n te s i n a m b ita o ris breves, c u r v a ti, s tip a t i . Vomer e t
p a la tu m e d e n ta li. Ossa p h a r y n g is d e n tic u la ta .
O c u li la rg iu s c u li, la te ra le s .
N a r iu in ap e rtu rcn a n te r io r e s a n te a r tíc u lo s o s s ium m a x i l -
la r iu m posiUe a p o s te r io r ih u s remotoe.
O s p r e o rh ita le J ia b e llifo rm e , ro stro b r e v iu s : ossa
s u b o rb ita lia s e q u e n tia m in im a , s c a h r iu s c u la , o rb itam
s u b te r c in g e n tia .
G e n a m a g n a , n u d a , in e rm is , ne c modo T r ig lo rum osse
s u b o r b ita li se cu n d o p e r c u r s a .
O s s a o p e rc u li p a r v a , u n a c in n m em b r o n d c o n n e c te n ti c ir -
c um e u n tiq u e o p e r c u lum m o d ic um tr ia n g u la r e co n ji-
c ie n tia . Os opei-culare p r o p r iu m , t r ip a r l i tu m : p a r s
p o s tic a a d m a r g in em su b lib e ra e l in a p ic ib u s q u in q u é
su b sp in o s is d iv isa .
A p e r tu r a b r a n c h ia lis am p lis s im a in t r a ram o s m a x ilU e i n f
e r io r i s p ro c ed en s . M em b r a n a b ra n ch io s teg a la ta ,
r a d i i s se.x g r a c ilib u s te r e fiu s c u lis s u s te n ta ta . A r c u s
b r a n c h ia r um q u a tu o r , lib e r i, e t lam in a u n a opé renlo
a d n a ta .
C o rp u s te r e s , m odo T r ig lo rum in c a u d am g ra c ilem sen s im
a t t e n u a tu m , v e n tr e tnm id iu s c u lo .
S q u am æ v e r x n u lla . C u tis la v is . L in e a la te r a lis p o s t
J in em p i n n a d o r s i s e c u n d a d if f r a c ta d en u o q u e a d b a s in
p i n n a c a u d a d e s in en s , p e r to tum cu r sum s um n s cu te llis
s c a b r is a i in a ta . S c u te lU r o tu n d i p a u c i in m e d io la te r e
sp a r s i.
P in n æ v e n tra le s a n te p e c to ra le s p o s ila . P i n n a v e n tra le s
p in n a s T r ig læ s im u la n te s . D o r sa le s d u a , q u a r u m p r io r
a l ta , t r ia n g u la r is ; s e c u n d a lo n g a , r a d iis s e ta c e is , s im -
p lic iu s c u lis , a r lic u la t i s s u s te n ta ta . R a d i i p i n n a a n i
omne s a r l i c u la t i cu ín a p ic ib u s m o d o T r a c h in o rum de
m em b r a n a e x ta n tib u s . P i n n a p e c to ra le s m a ju s c u la ,
r o tu n d a ta , n o n p e d ic e lla ta , r a d iis om n ib u s d iv is a .
P a p illa g e n ita lis s im p le x , p a r v a .
V e s ic a a ë r is n u lla .
V e n tr ic u lu s o valis, ram o b re v i a s c e n d e n ti ; c a c a p y lo r ic a
d u a b re v ia.
O b s. G e n u s in te r H æ m e ro c a lem c t C om ep h o rum lo c an d um .
N om e n ab x “ “'" h is c o , e t p is c is de riv a lum .*
* In constructing a generic name from these Greek xvords, I followed,
at firet, the example of Ovid (De Piscibus), who wrote Channe as the
Latin derivative from hut it has been suggested to me, that the
conjunction of this adopted Latin word with a Greek one, is not so
proper as following the Greek orthogr.-tphy in both ; and I have, therefore,
altered Channictkrjs to Chaniclhys. I was precluded from using
the word Ckanne alone, from its having been the designation of a Mediterranean
fish.
C h - e n i c th y s UH1N0CKR.ATUS. R ic liav J so n .
S p e c ie s u n ic a a d h u c c o g n ita .
R a d i i B . 6 ; D . 71— 3 4 v e l 3 5 ; A . 3 3 ; C . 1 G ; P . 2 2 ;
V . l ! 5 .
P l a te V I ., figs. 1, 2, a n d 3.
T h i s fish h a s a g e n e r a l re s em b la n c e to th e G u rn a rd s , o r
Pi-ionotes, in th e form o f th e h e a d , th e ta p e r in g b o d y , a n d
th e fins, b u t is w ith o u t th e fre e p e c to r a l ra y s . T h e h e a d
m a k e s o n e - th ird o f th e le n g th o f th e fish , e x c lu s iv e o f th e
c a u d a l fin, a n d from its w id lh , i t s b u lk is in s till g r e a te r
p ro p o rtio n . I t s g r e a t s iz e is ch ie fly ow in g to th e e x te n t
o f th e fa c e a n d m o u th . I t is w id e r th a n th e b o d y , a n d th e
fla t to p o f th e som ew h a t c u b ic a l c r a n ium is c o n tin u o u s
w ith th e s tr a ig h t lin e o f th e b a c k : b e fo re th e e y e s th e p ro file
is s lig h tly co n c av e . T h e sn o u t is fo rm ed o f th e
fro n ta l b o n e , le n g th e n e d in to two low , tra n sv e rs e ly r o u n d e d
rid g e s , s e p a ra te d b y a n a r row m e s ia l furrow, a n d is
e n la rg e d la te ra lly to th e fu ll w id th o f th e h e a d , b y th e
soft, e x te n s ib le walls o f th e am p le m o u th . A lm o s t a ll th e
b o n y p a r ts o f th e h e a d h av e a m o re o r le s s g r a n u la r o r
r a d ia te d su rfa c e , a s iu th e G u rn a rd s , b u t th e b o n y c a s e is
le s s com p le te th a n in th a t g en u s , m u c h sm o o th in te g um e n t
in te rp o s in g b e tw e e n th e p la te s o f b o n e . T h e v om e r a p p
e a r s o n th e u p p e r su rfa c e o f tb e tip o f tb e s n o u t, b e tw e e n
th e en d s o f th e f ro n ta l p ro c e s s e s , in form o f a sm a ll c ir c u la
r p la te , w ith a c e n tr a l um b o , o r h o rn . T h i s p la te is
flan k ed o n e a c h s id e b y th e n a rrow e n d s o f th e n a s a l
b o n e s , a n d th e p o in ts o f tb e p a la te b o n e s , w h ic h lik ew is e
sh ow th ro u g h th e in te g um e n t, m a rk in g th e b r e a d th o f th e
t ru n c a te d e n d o f th e sn o u t. T h e a r tic u la tin g k n o b o f th e
m a x illa ry i s c o n tig u o u s to th e lip o f th e n a s a l b o n e o n e a ch
T h e tru n c a tio n o f th e p ro p e r s n s ide. o u t is n o t, a t firs t
s ig h t, e v id e n t, fo r th e in te rm a x illa r ie s , ly in g a t th e ir sym p
h y s is in th e sam e p la c e with th e fro n ta l p ro c e s s e s , c o n stitu
te th e a n te r io r e x tr em ity o f th e h e a d , w h ic h is th in
v e rtic a lly , b u t w id e ly c u rv e d la te r a lly . T h e i r p e d ic le s
b e in g ve ry sh o rt, a dm it o f n o p ro tru s io n , b u t b e in g c o n n
e c te d b y so ft p a r ts to th e p ro p e r e x tr em ity o f tlie sn o u t,
h a v e a v e rtic a l h in g e -lik e m o tio n . T h e lim b s o f th e lowe r
j aw m e e t a t th e sym p h y s is in a r a th e r a c u te e llip s e , a n d
h av e a sm a ll k n o b b e n e a th . T h e u n d e r jaw is fu lly e q u a l
to th e u p p e r o n e iu le n g th . I t s a r tic u la tio n b e in g u n d e r
tb e c en tre o f th e ey e , a dm its o f a v e ry w id e g a p e , b u t th e
h o riz o n ta l orific e o f th e m o u th is r e s tr ic te d to a b o u t two-
tliivds o f th e le n g th o f th e jaw , b y m em b ra n e s , w h ich
in c lu d e th e m a x illa r ie s , a n d fo ld u p a s th e m o u th closes.
T h e su rfa c e o f th e a r tic u la tin g p ie c e o f th e low e r ja w is
furrowed, a n d ro u g h ly g ra n u la r.
B o th jaw s a re a rm e d w ith fla t b a n d s o f fin e c a rd -lik e
te e th , th e b a n d s n a rrow in g to a p o in t a t th e c o rn e rs o f th e
m o u th . T h e r e is a na rrow v e lum im m e d ia te ly b e h in d th e
d e n ta l surfa c e , a b o v e a n d below. T h e ro o f o f th e mo u tli
is to o th le ss.
T h e m a x illa rie s h a v e a s le n d e r, c y lin d r ic a l s h a p e , s lig h tly
c u rv ed , lik e th e ita lic / , a n d b e c om in g th in n e r , a n d a ve ry
l ittle w id e r, towa rds th e e n d w h ic h to u c h e s th e c om e r o f
th e m o u th , a n d p la y s a lo n g th e lim b o f th e low e r jaw .
T h e y a rc g ra n u la te d a t th e u p p e r e n d , a n d s tr ia te d a n d
sm o o th low e r d ow n . T h e ir a r tic u la tio n s a re e n tir e ly p o s te
r io r to th e in te rm a x illa ry p e d ic le s , so th a t th e tw o b o n e s
ap p ro a c h o n ly a t th e c o rn e r o f th e m o u th . T h e v e ry sm a ll
a n te r io r n a s a l o p e n in g is s itu a te d c lo s e b e fo re th e a r t ic u l
a tin g h e a d o f th e m a x illa ry ; th e p o s te r io r o n e is o v e r
th e m id d le o f th e p r e o rb ita r , a n d h a s a s h o r t tu b u la r m a r g
in . T h e ey e s a re r a th e r la rg e , th e lo n g d iam e te r o f th e
o rb it b e in g e q u a l to a b o u t o n e - s ix th o f th e le n g th o f th e
h e a d . T h e y a re tw o d iam e te rs n e a r e r to th e t ip o f th e
g ill-c o v e r th a n to th e in te rm a x illa ry s ym p h y s is . T h e
u p p e r ed g e o f th e o rb its is r a is e d so a s to r e n d e r th e in te r -
o rb ita l sp a c e c o n c a v e . T h e to p o f th e s k u ll is fla t, a n d
n e a r ly sq u a re , a n d , to g e th e r w ith th e o rb ita l p la te s , is
s tro n g ly m a rk e d b y r a d ia tin g g r a n u la r lin e s . T h e p r in c i p
a l centi-e o f r a d ia tio n o n e a c h s id e is n e a r th e b a s e o f
th e o rb ita l p la te , lin e s ru n n in g from i t to th e ed g e o f th é
o rb it, to th e o c c ip u t, a n d a c ro s s th e p o s te r io r p a r t o f th e
fi-ontal b o n e . T h e r e a re th r e e m u c h sm a lle r r a d ia tin g
c lu s te r s o n th e h in d e r p a r t o f th e c ra n ium , b e h in d wh ich
fo u r sm a ll ro u g h p la te s c ro s s th e h e a d , a n d fo n n th e p o s te
r io r b o u n d a ry o f th e sk u ll, w h ile th e ro u g h tem p o ra l
b o n e s flan k it la te ra lly . A s h o r t o c c ip ita l c r e s t, a n d two
ro u g h ly s tr ia te d su p r a - s c a p u la r s , w h ich p a s s o u tw a rd s to
th e h um e r a l c h a in , a re on th e sam e p la n e w ith th e to p o f
th e sk u ll a n d th e n a p e . •
T h e p r e o rb ita r b o n e h a s a s c a le n e tria n g u la r form, th e
u n d e r s id e b e in g th e h y p o th e n n s e . I t is tr a v e r s e d b y fine,
p rom in e n t, sm o o th , r a d ia tin g lin e s , w h o so tip s fo rm te e th
on th e ed g e o f th e b o n e . T h e p r e o rb ita r r e a c h e s a b o u t
h a l f way to th e in te rm a x illa ry sym p h y s is , b u t th e r e is
m u c h sm o o th in te g um e n t b e n e a th it, a n d th e m a x illa ry
s c a rc e ly to u c h e s it, ev en when th e m o u th is c lo s e d . T h e
o th e r b o n e s o f th e s u b o rb ita r ch a in a re sm a ll a n d ro u g h ,
a n d g ird le th e u n d e r h a l f o f th e o rb it, le a v in g a la rg e
n a k e d ch e e k . T h e s e c o n d su b o rb ita r b o n e h a s n o re s em b
la n c e , in fo rm o r office, to th a t o f th e G u rn a rd s . T h e
p re o p e r c u lum is c o n s id e r a b ly c u rv e d , a n d h a s a n o b tu s e
p ro c e s s , o r e lb ow , a little a b o v e th e a p e x o f th e cu rv e .
I t s d isk , in c lu d in g th is e lb ow , is ro u g h ly g r a n u la r . I ts
u p p e r lim b is n e a r ly v e rtic a l, a n d is sh o r te r th a n th e u n d e r
o ne . I t is a l ittle d is ta n t b o th from th e tem p o r a l b o n e
a n d th e o p e rc u lum . T h e s u b - c y lin d r ic a l in te ro jiev cu lu n i
is w id e s t a t its ju n c t io n w ith th e su b o p e rc u lum , a n d is
ro u g h a n d r id g e d o n its surfa c e . T h e b o n y o p e rc u lum is
d iv id e d d e e p ly in to th re e d iv e rg in g p a r ts , ex c lu s iv e o f its
v e ry s h o r t a r tic u la tin g stem. T h e u p p e r a n d u n d e r p a r ts
a re tr ia n g u la r , a n d th e p o s te r io r o n e is s p lit in to five te e th ,
h a v in g th e s p a c e s b e tw e e n th em filled w ith a n o tc h e d
m em b ra n e . T h e p o s te r io r a n d u jjp e n n o s t to o th v a rie s in
form, b e in g som e tim e s fo rk ed , a t o th e r lim e s c r e n a te d , o r
d e u tic u la le d . T b e o th e rs p o in t m o re o r le s s d ow nw a rd s ,
a n d th e low e st a n d fo rem o s t is a l ittle r e c u rv e d . T h e y
a ll ris e a t th e ir tip s , with th e ir m em b ra n e , from th e g e n e ra l
su rfa c e o f th e g ill-co v e r. T h e b o n y p a r t o f th e s u b o p e r-
c iilum sh ow s, e x te rio rly , in form o f fin e r ib s , im b e d d e d in
th e gen e ra l m em b ran e o f th e g ill-c o v e r, a n d r a d ia tin g to w
a rd s its ed g e , b e y o n d w h ic h th e y s lig h tly p ro je c t. T h is
s tru c tu r e a p p ro a c h e s to th a t o f th e s u b o p e r c u lum o f a
L o p h iu s . T h e e n tir e g ill-c o v e r h a s a tr ia n g u la r form,
w ith a n a c u te lip , w h ich is som ew h a t cu rv e d u pw a rd s .
I t is u n ite d to th e s id e o f th e h e a d , a t th e ju n c t io n o f th e