10
s u s ta in s th e m em b ra n o u s tip o f th e g ill-flap . T h e tr ia n g
u la r o p e r c u lum is m o re th a n th r ic e th e h e ig h t o f th e
su b o p e i'c u lu in , a u d a d e e p n o tc h o r fis su re d iv id e s th e
b o rd e r o f i t s u p p e r th ird . T h e low e r p o in t o f tlie n o tc h
c o n tig u o u s to th e t ip o f th e s u b o p c r c u lum s c a r c e ly shows
th ro u g h th e d r ie d in te g um e n t. T h e u p p e r lim b o f th e
n o tc h is o n e -h a lf s h o r te r th a n th e low e r o n e , a n d h a s an
o b tu s e tip . T h e n o tc h is fille d u p a n d c o n c e a le d b y
in te g um e n t. T h e h e a d is n e a r ly s c a le le s s , th e n u c h a l
sc a le s e n d in g a t th e d ire c tly tra n s v e r s e ed g e o f th e o c c ip u t,
w h ic h shows th ro u g h th e sk in . T h e lim b s o f th e s u p r a s
c a p u la r a re n a k e d , b u t in c lu d e a s c a ly p a tc h , w h ic li is
s e p a ra te d from a s im ila r sm a ll p a tc h o n th e s id e o f th e
s c u ll, b y th e tra n sv e rs e o c c ip ita l e d g e a b o v e m e n tio n e d .
T h e ju n c t io n o f th e g ill-fla p to th e s cu ll is a lso p ro te c te d
b y a b o u t fo u r row s o f d e e p ly im b e d d e d ro u n d s c a le s , a n d
a few s c a le s e n c ro a c h ir r e g u la r ly o n th e u p p e r p a r t o f th e
c h e e k , b e h in d th e ey e . O n th e to p o f th e h e a d th e skin
is s lig h tly ro u g h e n e d b y n um e ro u s g la n d u la r - lo o k in g
sp e c k s , re g u la r ly d isp e r s e d , a n d th e p o s te r io r f ro n ta l b o n e s
a n d th e o p é r e n la a re r a d ia te d . T h e c h e e k s a r e sm o o th .
T h e m a x illa ry is c y lin d r ic a l fo r th r e e - fo u r th s o f its
le n g th , a n d b e c om e s th in n e r a n d w id e r a t its low e r en d ,
w h ich is u n e v e n ly tru n c a te d . T h e r e is n o e n la rg em e n t in
th e m id d le o f its u p p e r b o rd e r , a s in E le g in u s . T h e lip s
a n d t ip o f th e sn o u t a re m in u te ly v illo u s . T h e jaw - te e th
a b o v e a n d be low a re v illifo rm , w ith a n o u te r row o f su b u la
te te e th , s to u te r , a n d a l ittle ta lle r.
T h e g ill- r a y s , s ix in n um b e r , a re c y lin d ric a l, a n d in c re a s e
in le n g th from th e low e s t to th e u p p e rm o s t. T h e th ic k
m em b ra n e u n ite s w ith i t s fellow a little b e h in d th e p r e o p e r cu
lum , le a v in g a fre e e d g e w h e r e i t a d h e r e s to th e is thm u s .
T h e v e n tra ls a re a t ta c h e d o p p o s ite to th e tip o f th e g ill-
flap . T h e ir r a y s a re m u c h d iv id e d a t th e tip s , a n d a re
e n v e lo p e d in th ic k m em b r a n e , w h ic h e n tir e ly c o n c e a ls th e
s h o r t sp in e . T h e p e c to r a l i s r a th e r tru n c a te d . T h e s ix th
a n d s e v e n th r a y s a re lo n g e s t. T h e f ir s t d o rs a l c om m en c e s
o v e r th e b a s e o f th e u p p e rm o s t p e c to ra l r a y . I t is su p p o r te d
b y sev en sh o r t, b lu n t, b u t n o t v e ry s to u t sp in e s , th e l a s t
two s c a r c e ly r is in g a b o v e th e sk in . T h e s e c o n d d o rs a l
h a s a v e ry s h o r t sp in e . I t s la s t tw o ra y s a re a p p ro x im a te d
a t th e b a s e , b u t a re r e c k o n e d s e p a r a te ly in o u r en um e ra tio n .
T h e sam e is th e c a s e w ith th e a n a l. I t s sp in e is ve ry
sh o r t a n d in c um b e n t o n th e b a s e o f th e s u c c e e d in g ra y .
T h e c a u d a l is ev en a t th e end.
T h e s c a le s a re ro u n d , w ith th e fo re a n d h in d ed g e
s lig h tly tru n c a te d , so a s to r e n d e r th em h ig h e r th a n w id e .
T h e r e a re s ix ty - tw o in a lin e b e tw e e n th e g ill-o p e n in g a n d
c a u d a l fin, w ith fo u r rows a b o v e th e la te r a l lin e a n te rio rly ,
a n d a b o u t tw e lv e b e low . T h e y a re d e e p ly im b e d d e d in
th e sk in , a n d w h e n i n s i tu , th e y h a v e a r a is e d , p o s te rio r,
to o th e d b o rd e r , w h ic h , in th e d r ie d fish, is w h ite , an d ,
u n d e r a le n s , a p p e a r s to b e g r a n u la te d a n d p o ro u s . T h is
b o rd e r is e a s ily d e ta c h e d , c om in g aw a y w ith th e e p id e rm is .
T h e s c a le , r em o v e d from its p la c e , is ve ry th in , a n d , u n d e r
th e m ic ro s c o p e , e x h ib its ve ry fin e c lo s e c o n c e n tr ic lin e s o f
s tru c tu re , w ith s ix o r sev en v e ry f a in t fa n -lik e ra y s , d iv
e rg in g from a p o in t p o s te r io r to th e c e n tr e , a n d sp re a d in g
a l i ttle , so a s to ta k e in b u t a sm a ll p a r t o f th e b a s a l edge .
T h e la te r a l lin e is in te r ru p te d u n d e r th e tw e n ty - e ig h th
jo in te d ra y o f th e s e c o n d d o rs a l, re sum e d o n th e fo u rth
row o f s c a le s b e n e a th , a n d e n d s a t th e b a s e o f th e c a u d a l
fin. T h e r e a re u o s c a le s o n th e fin s , e x c e p t o n th e b a s e
o f th e c a u d a l, o n w h ic h th e r e a re tw o rows o f d e ep ly
im b e d d e d one s.
DIMENSIONS.
L en g th from u pper lip to end o f cau d a l f in ..
„ „ second dorsal... .......
„ „ first dorsal............
„ „ edge of gill-flap ..
Lo n g itu d in al d iameter o f oval o r b i t ................
Vertical d itto d itto .
. 34-20 inches.
. 1 9 1 0 „
. I3-50 „
. 9-30 „
. 9-00 „
• 1-40 „
l-OO „
Height of head posteriorly, and of hody at first dorsal.. 5-50 „
Width of ditto, about.............................................. 6-20 „
Length of caudal fin 3-55 „
„ pectoral 4-53 „
C a l l io n y m u s ca l a u e o po m u s . R ic h a rd so n .
C h . S p e c . C. s p in d p r eo p e r c uU e lo n g a td , a p ic e s u r sum
c u r v d , b ic u s p id a td , ab sq u e d e n tic u lo a n tic o b a sa li ; p in -
n i s d o r s i n eb u lo s is , v e n tr a lib u s le n tig in o s is .
R a d i i D . 41— 8 ; A . 7 ; C. IO4 ; P . 1 9 ; V. Il5 .
P l a t e V I I ., figs. 4 , 5.
T h i s A u s tr a lia n s p e c ie s d iffe rs from a l l th a t h a v e b e e n
d e s c r ib e d , in th e fo rm o f i t s p r e o p e r c u la r sp in e , w h ic h is
n o t o n ly lo n g e r th a n is u su a l in th e g en u s , b u t w a n ts th e
b a s a l to o th , a n d h a s o n ly two te e th a t th e sum m it, th e
in te r io r o n e b e in g re c u rv e d , so t h a t th e whole sp in e h a s a
r e s em b la n c e to a s h e p h e rd ’s c ro o k , {na\au^o-^).
I n th e fu lln e s s a n d ro u n d n e s s o f th e p o s te r io r p a r t o f th e
b o d y a n d t a il, th is s p e c ie s d iffe rs from m o s t o f th e g en u s .
T h e s id e s sw e ll o u t, so a s to p la c e th e a n a l a n d s e c o n d
d o r s a l in a d e e p fu rrow , a n d to g iv e tb e fish th e a p p e a r a
n c e o f a fu ll b e a n -p o d , o r b a n a n a . T h e sh o u ld e rs , a s
u s u a l, a re b ro a d e r a n d f la ttish , th e fla tn e s s re a c h in g to th e
o rb its . B e fo re th e ey e s , th e p ro file d e s c e n d s o b liq u e ly .
T h e m o u th is sm a ll, a n d th e j aw s in c lin e d ow nw a rd s wh en
p r o tr a c te d . T h e e y e s a re n o t a b o v e a lin e a p a r t, a n d a re
a b o u t o n e d iam e te r o f th e o rb it from th e tip o f th e sn o u t,
a n d r a th e r m o re from th e g ill-o p e n in g . T h e h e a d m a k e s
r a th e r m o re th a n a th ird o f th e le n g th o f th e fish , c a u d a l
e x c lu d e d . T h e la te r a l lin e c ro s s e s th e n a p e to jo in its
fellow, c u rv e s o v e r th e e n d o f th e p e c to r a l, a n d r u n s r a th e r
ab o v e th e m id d le o f th e s id e to th e c a u d a l fin, o n th e b a s e
o f w h ic h i t fo rk s. I t is fo rm e d b y a c o n tin u o u s na rrow
c r e n u la te d rid g e . T h e te e th a re sh o r t, v illifo rm , th e d e n ta l
su rfa c e b e in g w id e s t a t th e sym p h y s e s , re d u c e d to a s in g le
row o n th e lim b s o f th e jaw s , a n d n o t e x te n d in g to th e
an g le o f th e m o u th . T h e p r e o p e r c u la r sp in e is lo n g a n d
cu rv ed , w ith i t s v e ry a c u te tip c u rv e d u pw a rd s , a n d a
s tro n g e r to o th a b o v e , n e a r th e lip , d ir e c te d u pw a rd s a n d
forwards.
T h e b o d y a p p e a r s to h av e b e e n e n tire ly o f a r ic h b ro n z e
co lo u r, sm o o th a n d s h in in g , w ith , p e rh a p s , some d a rk e r
b lo tc h e s a b o v e . T h e s e c o n d d o rs a l is still c lo u d e d b y a
few d a rk b lo tc h e s . T h e m em b ra n e o f th e firs t is b la c k is h
ab o v e , th e v e n tra ls a re f re c k le d , a n d th e re a re some
w h itish sp e c k s o n th e c a u d a l. N o n o te was m a d e o f th e
co lo u rs o f th e fish, wh en re c en t.
Lciiplli from end o f sn o ut to tip o f c au d a l...
° „ ba se o f ditto ..,
” o f he ad to edge o f operculum............
„ „ gill-opening .....................
„ „ first dorsal ..........................
Ixong d iameter of o rb it........................................
Bre ad th o f he ad a t gill-cover ..........................
H e ig h t of body a t nape ...................................
H e ig h t a t middle of second d o r s a l................
Bre ad th o f body th e r e ........................................
. .l-éS inches.
. 4-25 „
. 1-60 „
• 1-20
. 1-25 „
.. 0-40 „
,. 0-90 „
,. 0-55 „
,. 0-65 „
.. 0-75 „
G e n u s H a r p a g if e r . R ic h a rd s o n .
C h . G e n . C a p u t h o r iz o n ta le , s u p r a p la n u m , tr ia n g u la
re .
C o rp u s Ì7i c a u d am m a x im e c om p r e s sam s e n s im e h um e ro
a tte n u a tu m .
S q u am æ n u lloe . L in e a la te r a lis a n tic e tr a n s n u c h am c um
p a r i su o c o n jú g a la r am u lu rn q u e a d o rb itam v t r a m q u e
em itte n s i n sum m o dorso c u r s um te n e n s e t a d m e d ium
b a sis p i n n a d o rsi s e c u n d a d e s in en s .
O s p a i-vum te rm in a le . D e n te s m a n d ib u la r u m m in u t i ,
s u b u la ti, s u b in c v r v i, s t ip a t i . P a la tum lin g u a q u e la v e s.
O c u li m o d ic i, la te ra le s . O s s a su b o rb ita lia . P r e o p e r c u lum
in e rm e , e llip tic um . In te ro p e r c u lum g ra c ile , s p a tu la -
fo rm e , p r e o p e r c u lo o c c u ltum . O p e rc u lum s p in am h a -
m ife r am s u r s vm e x tr u d e n s . S u b o p e r c u lum sp in am
r e c iam a q u e in s ig n em em itte n s .
A p e r tu r a b r a n c h ia rum s a lis m a g n a n e c ia m e n su b g u ld
e x te n sa . M em b r a n a b r a n c h io s te g a r a t i f t s sea: swsfevifflfa.
P in n æ d o rs a lis d v a , q u a r u m p r io r r a d i i s p a u c i s J i e x i -
h ilib u s su s té n ta la . P in n æ v en tra le s E le o tr id u m .
V e s ic a p n e um a tic a n u lla . C æ c a p y lo r ic a tr ia .
Ob s. G e n u s in te r C a llio n ym um e t V la ty p te r u m co llo -
c a n d um .
H a r p a g if e r b i s p in i s . R ic h a rd s o n .
S p e c ie s u n ic a a d h u c c o g n ita .
, R a d i i ;— B . 6 ; D . 8)— 2 4 ; A. 1 7 ; C . 1 1 ^ ; P . ; V. 1 |5 .
B a tr a c h u s b isp in is . B l. S c h n . 45.
C a llio n ym u s b isp in is . I . R . F o r s te r . M .S . IV . 45.
P la te V IL , figs. 1, 2 , 3 , n a tu r a l size.
T h is sm a ll fish a b o u n d s am o n g th e k e lp , o n th e sh o re s
o f C a p e H o rn . M a n y sp e c im e n s w e re ta k e n , b u t th e y
are a ll in ju r e d b y d e te rio ra tio n o f th e s p ir it in to w h ich
th e y we re p u t, so th a t th e tru e d is tr ib u tio n o f th e d a rk b a rs
o r sp o ts c a n n o t b e d e te rm in e d , a n d som e u n c e r ta in ty e x is ts
w ith r e s p e c t to th e e x a c t s h a p e o f th e firs t d o rs a l, th o u g h
th e r e is n o n e a s to th e n um b e r o f th e ra y s . I t se em s to
b e , u n q u e s tio n a b ly , tb e fish d e s c r ib e d b y F o r s te r , in th e
n o te s q u o te d above . T h e d e s c r ip tio n , th e s iz e o f th e s p e c
im en s , a n d th e lo c a lity , c o r r e sp o n d . F o r s te r n o te s th e
c o lo u r o f h is sp e c im e n s a s b e in g b la c k ish -b row n above ,
w ith a n in te rm ix tu re o f o ra n g e -re d o n th e h e a d ; th e
se c o n d d o rs a l, p e c to r a ls a n d c a u d a l, a s b e in g v a rie d w ith
o ra n g e -re d a n d b row n , a n d th e u n d e r su rfa c e o f th e b o d y
a s p a le o ra n g e , th e a n a l h a v in g a d e e p e r t in t o f th e same .
H e e n um e ra te s a lso a ra y le s s iu th e s e c o n d d o r s a l, a u d
o n e m o re in th e a n a l, th a n th e in d iv id u a l w e h a v e d e s c r ib e d
b e low p o s s e s s e s , b u t a s im ila r v a ria tio n e x is ts in S ir J am e s
R o s s ’s sp e c im e n s . T h e co u rs e o f th e la te r a l lin e c o r r e sp
o n d s w ith F o r s te r ’s a c c o u n t o f i t ; b u t th e lin e o f p o re s
o n th e m id d le o f th e s id e s c o u ld b e tr a c e d o n ly a t th e
b a s e o f th e c a u d a l fin, owing, m o s t p ro b a b ly , to th e sk in
b e in g so fte n e d a n d worn.
T h e h e ig h t a n d b r e a d th o f th e fish is g r e a te s t a t th e
gills, th e h e a d b e in g a s h o r t p y r am id , a n d th e b o d y a
g r e a tly e lo n g a te d o n e , w ith th e p la n e c o n n e c tin g th e lip s
o f th e o p e r c u la r a n d s u b o p e r c u la r sp in e s fo r a common
b a s e . T h e to p o f th e h e a d b e h in d th e ey e s is fla t, a n d
s lig h tly c o n c a v e , w ith o u t rid g e s . T h e ey e s a r e p la c e d
h ig h u p , a n d th e sn o u t a n te r io r to th em is s h o r t a n d tr ia n g
u la r. T h e le n g th o f th e h e a d is c o n ta in e d 3^- tim e s in
th e whole le n g th o f th e fish, a n d its b r e a d th a t th e h in d
h e a d , w h en th e g ill-c o v e rs a re o p e n , is eq u a l to its le n g th .
B e fo re th e e y e s th e p ro file d e s c e n d s o b liq u e ly to th e tip
o f th e sn o u t. T h e u n d e r su rfa c e o f th e h e a d a n d b r e a s t
is fla t, a n d th e v e n tr a l lin e a s c e n d s s lig h tly from th e v e n tr
a ls to th e ta il, in c o r r e sp o n d e n c e w ith th e in c lin a tio n o f
th e b a c k . T h e h e ig h t o f th e ta il, a t th e b a s e o f th e c a u d a l
fin, is e q u a l to a th ird o f th e h e ig h t o f th e n a p e . T h e ey e
is 1 d iam e te r o f th e o rb it from th e tip o f th e s n o u t, a n d
from th e g ill-o p e n in g , 3 j d iam e te rs b e in g eq u a l to th e
le n g th o f th e h e a d .
T h e m o u th is sm a ll, h o r iz o n ta l, a n d t e r a i n a l , th e lowe r
jaw b e in g j u s t p e r c e p tib ly lo n g e r th a n th e u p p e r o ne .
T h e jaw s a r e very little p ro tr a c tile . T h e sh o rt te e th
a re s u b u la te , s lig h tly cu rv e d , a n d c row d e d in to a sm a ll
tu f t a t th e sym p h y s e s a b o v e a n d b e low , b u t r e d u c e d a lm o s t
to a s in g le row o n th e lim b s o f th e jaw s . T h e r e is a n a r row
v e lum b e h in d th em o n b o th jaw s . T lie to n g u e a n d
ro o f o f th e m o u th a re sm o o th . T h e m a x illa ry in c re a s e s
g r a d u a lly in b r e a d th to its low e r en d , w h ic h is tru n c a te d ,
a n d m o v e s o v e r th e lim b o f th e low e r jaw . A very s h o r t
p a r t o n ly o f i t s s le n d e r u p p e r e n d g lid e s u n d e r th e e d g e
o f th e p re o rb ita r.
P r e o rb ita r n a rrow , n o t to o th e d , b u t h a v in g a c a v em o u s
o r c e llu la r s tru c tu r e , w h ic h is c o n c e a le d b y th e in te g um e n t.
T h e r e s t o f th e s u b o rb ita r c h a in is r e d u c e d to a row o f
little em in e n c e s , w ith p o ro u s m o u th s , c lo s e ly s k ir tin g th e
ey e b e n e a th a n d b e h i n d le a v in g a la rg e , fle sh y , c o n v ex
c h e e k . T h e p re o p e r c u lu r a h a s an o b tu s e s em i-e llip tic a l
cu rv e , w ith a r a th e r n a rrow d isk , e q u a lly wid e th ro u g h o u t,
a n d w ith o u t a n y p ro je c tio n a t th e curve . I n d rj-in g , tlie
in te g um e n t p e rm its c a v itie s o n th e d is k to a p p e a r. T h e
in te ro p e r c u lum is s le n d e r a n d cy lin d ric a l, a n d is c o n c e a le d
u n d e r th e e d g e o f th e p r e o p e rc u lum . T h e e n d w h ic h jo in s
tlie s u b o p e r c u lum is d ila te d , so a s to give tlie fo rm o f a
s p a tu la to th e en tire b o n e . T h e o p e rc u lum e n d s in a s tro n g
sp in e , w h ic h s ta n d s u pw a rd s, a n d a l ittle o u tw a rd s , a n d
giv e s off’ from its in n e r s id e , n e a r i t s tip , a h o o k e d a n tle r lik
e b r a n c h le t. T h e s u b o p e r c u lum e n d s in a s tr a ig h t h o r iz
o n ta l sp in e , h a v in g a s lig h t n o tc h a t its tip . W h e n th e
g ill-p la te s a re r a is e d , th e s p in e s p ro je c t la te r a lly , a n d a
iiaiTow b o rd e r o f m em b ra n e m n s b e tw e e n th em , to th e
e x trem e ed g e o f w h ic h th e b r a n c h io s te g o u s m em b ra n e is
u n ite d a t an a c u te an g le , a n d s ev e ra l o f th e r a y s show
b e tw e e n th e o p e r c u la r a n d su b o p e r c u la r sp in e s . T h e s u b -
o p e rc u lum also s e n d s o ff v e rtic a lly a filiform, fle x ib le ,
c 2