is n a k e d a n d u n ev en , from th e p rom in e n c e o f c a n a ls in th e
b o n e , w hose a p e r tu r e s sh ow th ro u g h th e in te g um e n t a s it
d rie s . T h e fore p a r t o f th e b o n e is s em i-o v a l, a n d its in fe rio
r e d g e , w h e r e i t jo in s th e r e s t o f th e s u b o rb ita r c h a in ,
is w id e ly c o n c a v e , w ith a s lig h t w av in g , o r c re n a tu re .
T h e n o s tr ils a r e tw o sm a ll, ro u n d , a p p ro x im a te d o p e n in g s ,
in a s h o r t a n d n a rrow s c a le le s s ap a c e a b o v e a n d n e a r to
th e a n te r io r c a u th u s o f th e eye.
T h e m o u th is s itu a te d a t th e e x tr em ity o f th e h e a d , a n d ,
th o u g h d iffe ren tly c o n s tru c te d , h a s m u c h re s em b la n c e to
t h a t o f a C oregonus. I t s o rific e , m o d e ra te ly o p e n w h en
v iew e d in fro n t, is s em i-o v a te , th e h o riz o n ta l lowe r jaw
b e in g n a rrow e r a t th e tip th a n th e a r c h o f th e in te rm a x illa
rie s . T h e l a t te r b o n e s a re p ro tr a c tile , th e ir p ed ic le s
b e in g lo n g e r th a n th e ir o ra l lim b s , a n d re a c h in g , w h en
r e tr a c te d , n e a r ly to th e p o s te r io r p a r t o f th e o rb its . T h e
m a x illa r ie s h a v e a b ro a d d is k , ro u n d e d a t th e e n d , a n d
d e n s e ly c o v e re d w ith sc a le s , n e a r ly e q u a llin g th o s e o f th e
c h e e k in siz e . T h e e n d o f th e b o n e p a s s e s th e c o rn e r o f
th e m o u th , p la y s ov e r th e b ro a d , s c a le le s s co ra c o id p ro c e s s
o f th e p o s t-m a n d ib u la r b o n e , a n d r e a c h e s u n d e r th e a n te r io r
th i rd o f th e ey e . T h e n a r row , s lo p in g , p o s te r io r e d g e o f
th e m a x illa ry o n ly is re c e iv e d u n d e r th e p r e o rb ita r . T h e
u n d e r su rfa c e o f th e low e r ja w is c lo s e ly cov e red w ith
m in u te sc a le s. T h e jaw s a n d ro o f o f th e m o u th a re
w h o lly d e s titu te o f te e th , a n d th e na rrow , b u t ra ttie r free
to n g u e is a lso q u ite sm o o th . T h e p h a ry n g e a l te e th , above
a n d be low , a re fin e , s e ta c e o u s , a n d c row d e d , a n d th e o u te r
b r a n c h ia l a r c h is fr in g e d w ith a s in g le row o f lo n g , c om p
r e s s e d , su b u la te r a k e r s ; th e o th e r r a k e r s a re sh o rt, s em i-
la n c e o la te , a n d a ll a r e ro u g h , w ith v e ry m in u te te e th .
T h e s id e o f th e h e a d is co n v e x , th e .summit o f th e c o n v
e x ity b e in g a t th e tem p le s . I t is d e n s e ly sc a ly , so th a t
n o b o n e is s e en . T h e e d g e o f th e p re o p e rc u lum is c u rv ed
p a r a b o lic a lly , a n d its b o rd e r is fainUy fu rrow e d , p ro d u c iu g
s lig h t c r e n a tu r e s , b u t th e s c a le s c om e to th e v e ry ed g e ,
c o n c e a lin g th e in e q u a litie s . T h e d isk o f th e b o n e is b ro a d ,
e x c e e d in g th e w id th o f th e c h e e k , a n d b e in g in c lin e d in
a d iffe re n t d ire c tio n , its in n e r ed g e sh ow s th ro u g h th e
sc a le s . T h e in te ro p e r c u lum is a lso b ro a d , b e in g w id e s t
o p p o s ite th e b e n d o f th e p re o p e rc u lum , whe re i t is ro u n d e d ,
a n d i t a lso is s c a ly to th e ed g e .* T h e r e a re e ig h te e n o r
tw e n ty rows o f s c a le s b e tw e e n th e o rb it a n d c o rn e r o f th e
p r e o p e r c u lum , a n d h a l f a s m a n y on th e d isk o f th e in te r-
op e rcu lim i.
T h e g ill-c o v e r is v e ry o b tu s e , w ith s c a rc e ly a n y soft
b o rd e r . T h e o p e rc u lum is s itu a te d h ig h u p , in r e s p e c t o f
th e cu rv e o f th e p re o p e rc u lum , a n d is in d e n te d b y a s em ie
llip tic a l n o tc h , w ith a c u te co rn e rs . T h i s n o tc h is filled
w ith in te g um e n t, c lo th e d w ith sm a ll sc a le s . T h e s u b o p e rc
u lum s lo p e s d ow nw a rd s , a n d a little fo rw a rd s , to m e e t th e
in te ro p e r c u lum , b u t n o t b e in g so b ro a d , th e re is a s lig h t
n o tc h a t th e p o in t o f ju n c tio n . I t s ed g e is r a th e r c o n c
ave , a n d is b o rd e r e d b y a n a r row m em b ra n e , w h ic h is
c ro s s e d b y fin e rib s in a p e c tin a te d m a n n e r. T h e s e are
s c a r c e ly p e r c e p tib le to th e n a k e d e y e , a n d th e v e r y n a rrow ,
t r a n s p a r e n t ed g e is th e o n ly p a r t o f th e g ill-c o v e r w h ich is
n o t s c a ly . T h e s c a p u la is v is ib le a t th e u p p e r an g le o f
* 111 C(Bsio, th e circumfetence of the orbit, tbe suborbitars, the snout,
interval beiween th e eyes, a n d disk of the pveopevculum, are scaleless.
th e g ill-o p e n in g , in form o f a la rg e s c a le , w ith a to o th e d
e d g e , a n d its d isk is c o v e red b y s c a le s , sm a lle r th a n th e
o th e r s in tlie n e ig h b o u rh o o d . A row o f s c a le s , h a v in g
th e ir d isk s s tro n g ly im p re s s e d b y five o r s ix fu rrow s,
c ro s s e s th e u a p e in th e s am e way a s th e u n c tia l c irc le o f
C a s io ; b u t in E m m e lic h th y s th e s e s c a le s a re n o t v e ry o b v
io u s to th e ey e , a n d th e sm a lle r s c a le s o f th e to p o f th e
h e a d p a s s g r a d u a lly in to th e la rg e r o n e s o f th e b o d y .
T h e g ill-o p e n in g is la rg e , a n d e x te n d s from th e s c a p u la
p e rp e n d ic u la r ly , to n e a r th e v e n tr a l lin e , a inl th e n h o r iz
o n ta lly fo rw a rd s to o p p o s ite th e m id d le o f th e o rb it. T h e
m em b ra n e is s u s ta in e d b y sev en th in fla t ray s , o f w h ich
th e th re e low e r o n e s a re sh o rte r, a n d g r a d u a te d . T h e
fo u rth r a y p ro je c ts a s fa r b a c k a s th e rem a in in g th re e ,
w h ich a re more c u rv e d u pw a rd s , a n a r r a n g em e n t th a t
giv e s a p e c u lia r sq u a re n e s s to th e p o s te r io r e d g e o f th e
m em b ran e . T h e h um e ra l c h a in o f b o n e s is c lo th e d with
s c a le s u p to th e in n e r edge .
T h e la te r a l lin e is com p o s e d o f n in e ty - s ix s c a le s u p to
th e b a s e o f th e c a u d a l, th e r e b e in g a fo rk e d p a tc h o f
sm a lle r sc a le s c o v e rin g th e m id d le ra y s to n e a r th e ir tip s ,
n o t in c lu d e d in th e re c k o n in g . E a c h o f th e s c a le s o f th e
la te r a l row is m a rk e d w ith two little p its a t th e e n d o f a
s h o r t tu b e . A v e r tic a l lin e c o n ta in s a b o u t th ir ty s c a le s , o f
w h ich o n ly e ig h t a re a b o v e tb e la te ra l lin e , a n d th e y a re
o f r a th e r sm a lle r s iz e th a n th o s e low e r o n th e s id e s . T h e
s c a le s a re tru n c a te d a t th e b a s e , fu rrow ed a n d c re n a te d ,
a n d c ilia te d a t th e tip , a n d ro u g h e n e d b y r a d ia tin g row s o f
g ra in s o r w orn te e th to n e a r th e m id d le o f th e d isk . F i g
u re 8 shows a s c a le from b e low th e la te r a l lin e . A p a tc h
o f sm a ll s c a le s co v e rs th e b o n e s which s u p p o r t th e p e c to ra l
ra y s , e x te n d in g in a s em i-c irc u la r m a n n e r o v e r p a r t o f th e
fin, a n d d e lic a te s c a le s e x te n d h a l f way u p th e s e fins, as
w e ll a s u p th e v en tra ls . A lo n g ta p e r in g s c a le lie s ov e r
th e v e n lra ls , a n d th e re p ro b a b ly e x is te d o n e be tw e en th e s e
fins, b u t i f so , i t h a s b e e n d e s tro y e d in th e p r e p a r a tio n o f
th e sp e c im e n . T h e sp in o u s p a r t o f th e d o rs a l move s in a
furrow, com p o s e d o f a s in g le row o f o b liq u e n a rrow sc a le s,
a n d a d e n s e p a tc h o f s c a le s ru n s o b liq u e ly ov e r th e b a s e
o f th e soft ra y s , u p n e a rly to th e lip s o f th e p o s te r io r o nes.
A s im ila r s c a ly b a n d co v e rs th e a n a l fin to a n eq u a l e x te n t.
O n th e c a u d a l th e s c a le s e x te n d b e tw e en th e ra y s to two-
th ird s o f th e ir le n g th , a n d a m ore d e n s e s c a ly p a tc h , a l r
e a d y n o tic e d , co v e rs p a r t o f th e m id d le ra y s , a s well , as
th e ir m em b ran e .
T h e p e c to r a ls , tr ia n g u la r a n d p o in te d , b u t n o t fa lc a te ,
n o r so la rg e a s is u su a l with th e S p a ro id s , a re a tta c h e d
ob liq u e ly be low th e m id d le o f th e h e ig h t. T iie fifth ra y
is th e lo n g e s t, a n d th e low e s t th re e , wh ich a re v e ry sh o rt,
a re n o t b r a n c h e d lik e th e o th e rs . T h e v e n lra ls , a tta c h e d
u n d e r th e fore th ird o f th e p e c to r a ls , h a v e a s le n d e r sp in e ,
tw o - th ird s o f th e le n g th o f th e b r a n c h e d rays. T h e y do
n o t r e a c h b e y o n d th e p e c to ra ls . T h e do rsa l sp in e s a re
sle n d e r. T h e first o ne s ta n d s a l ittle p o s te r io r to th e
a x illa o f th e v e n tra ls , o r ov e r th e m id d le o f th e p e c to ra ls ,
a n d , with th e tw o fo llowing o n e s , is g ra d u a te d . T h e
fo u rth is th e ta lle s t, b e in g a b o u t h a l f a s h ig h a s th e b o d y ,
th e n e x t five d e c re a s e r a p id ly in h e ig h t, a u d , a t th e same
tim e , b e com e more rem o te from e a ch o th e r th a n th e a n te r
io r one s. T h e rem a in in g four a lso b e com e s h o r te r in
su c c e s s io n , b u t m u ch m ore g ra d u a lly , a n d in o u r sp c c imens,
a re d e ta c h e d , h a v in g a tr ia n g u la r p ie c e o f m em b
ra n e , a s is r e p r e s e n te d in th e fig u re , b u t in th e r e c e n t
fish th e m em b ra n e m ay h a v e b e e n c o n tin u o u s . T h e la s t
ray o f th e so ft p a r t o f th e fin h a s its p o s te r io r b ra n c h ta p
e rin g o u t in to a fin e p o in t. T h e a n a l is similar- in lorm
to th e jo in te d p a r t o f th e do rsa l. I t s s p in e s a re s len d e r,
g ra d u a te d , a n d com p a ra tiv e ly s h o r t. T h e c a u d a l is forked,
with a c u te tip s . I t s m id d le r a y s a re m u c h b r a n c h e d to
th e b a s e . , ,
T h e w h o le fish a p p e a r s to h a v e h a d c o n s id e ra b le s ilv e ry
lu s tre , w ith little o r n o c o lo u r o n th e in fe rio r p a r ts , b u t w ith
a b lu ish o r grey tin g e a b o v e th e la te r a l lin e , r e tic u la te d ,
p e rh a p s , b y th e p a le r e d g e s o f th e sc a le s . T h e r e a re n o
rem a in s o f sp o ts , o r o th e r m a rk in g s , e ith e r o n th e h e a d ,
b o d y , o r fins, e x c e p t th a t th e m em b ra n e b e tw e e n th e lim b s
o f th e lower jaw h a s a so o ty co lo u r,
Len g th o f o n e sp e c im e n , 1 0 ^ i n c h e s ; o f th e o th e r ,
fourteen.
H a b . W e s t A u s tra lia .
S y n b r a n c h u s g u t t u b a l is . R ic h a rd s o n .
C h . S pec. S . c y lin d r ic u s , c a u d a com p re ssa a t te n u a tâ ;
colore lie p a tic o -b ru n n e o s u b tu s p a u lo d ilu tio r e , f a c i e
g u ttu r e q u e g r is e is , b ru n n e o m a rm o r a lis ; d e n tib u s
acerosis.
R a d i i : — C . 7 .
P la te X X X -, figs. 14— 17.
T h is sm a ll fish e v id e n tly a p p e r ta in s to th e g en u s S y n b
ra n ch u s o f B lo c h , a n d C u v ie r’s R è g n e A n im a l (ii. p . 364).
I t is tr a ly m o n o p te rig ia n , a few ra y s b e in g p e r c e p tib le in
th e c a u d a l o n ly , w h ile th e a n a l a n d d o rs a l a re m e re ly
low, c u ta n e o u s se am s, o r, a s C u v ie r say s, a d ip o s e fins.
T h e D o n d o o -p a um o f R u s s e ll, p i. 3 5 , w an ts ev en th e se
se ams, a n d h a s a s till m o re ta p e r in g ta il. I t is fu rth e r
d is tin g u ish e d b y b e in g u n iv e rs a lly b la c k , a n d th e furrows
o f th e la te r a l lin e , i f th e y a c tu a lly e x is t, a re n o t shown
in th e figure. T h e U n ib r a n c h a p e r iu r a c u c h ia o f B u c
h a n a n -H am ilto n (p. 16 ancl 363, p i. 16, fig. 4) is d o tte d all
ov e r w ith b la c k , a n d is m a rk e d o n th e sh o u ld e rs a n d p e c to
ra l reg io n s o f e a c h s id e , b y th re e p a le lin e s o f d iffe ren t
len g th s . A fish so c o lo u re d c a n s c a rc e ly b e th e sam e with
th e un ifo rm ly b la c k o ne o f R u s s e ll, a n d in d e e d th e r e is a
we ll m a rk ed d iffe ren c e in th e ir forms, a s r e p r e s e n te d in
th e p la te s we h av e q u o te d , y e t i f th e r e b e n o t a n e rro r in
th e p o in tin g o f a p a r a g r a p h in th e R èg n e A n im a l (ii. p . 354,
foo t-n o te 2), C u v ie r co n s id e rs b o th th e s e fig u re s a s b e in g
r e fe rrib le to th e S y n b r a n c h u s im m a c u la tu s o f B lo c h . I n
h is c h a ra c te rs o f th e g en u s , h e s ta te s th e te e th to b e o b tu
s e , b u t in o u r sp e c ie s th e te e th a re d e c id e d ly a c u te , a n d
u n d e r a le n s a p p e a r su b u la te . T h e y a re d isp o s e d in a
s in g le row o n th e lim b s o f th e jaw s , b u t c row d ed to g e th e r
for some b r e a d th o n th e tip o f th e lowe r o ne , a n d b e in g
c o n tin u ed from th e lim b s o f th e low e r o n e , a lo n g th e tip
o f th e u p p e r jaw , th e y b e c om e p a r a lle l a n d a lm o s t c o n tig
u o u s, a n d in th a t form ru n fo rw a rd s fo r a s h o r t sp a c e .
T h is k in d o f d e n titio n is s im ila r to w h a t is r e p r e s e n te d in
th e ‘ C a lc u tta J o u rn a l o f N a tm -a l H i s to r y ’ (iv. p . 411,
A.D. 1844), b y J . M cC le lla n d , E s q ., in h is a c c o u n t o f a
C h in e s e sp e c ie s , n am e d b y him P n e um a b r a n c h u s c ineretcs.
I n th a t th e p a la tin e te e th a rc in a s in g le row, b u t in o u rs
th e y form tw o o r m o re row s ; T h e s p e c ie s a re fu r th e r d is tin
g u is h e d b y th e ir co lo u r, a n d b y th e C h in e s e o n e h a v in g
th e m em b ra n o u s ed g e o f th e ta il, o r th e a d ip o s e d o rs a l, n o t
e x te n d in g so fa r forwards.
S y n b r a n c h u s g u t lu r a l i s is s le n d e r a n d c y lin d r ic a l from
th e h e a d to th e a n u s , i t th e n b e c om e s s e n s ib ly com p re s s ed ,
a n d g r a d u a lly te rm in a te s in a th in ta p e r in g ta il, a lm o s t
filiform a t th e tip . T h e h e a d swells o u t a l i ttle , th e sn o u t
a n d o b tu s e , b e in g te rm in a te d b y a th ic k is h ,
re v e r te d lip , w h ich p ro je c ts ve ry s lig h tly b e y o n d th e lowe r
jaw , a lso o b tu s e , a n d e d g e d b y a th ic k lip . T h e m o u th is
c le ft m o re th a n h a l f i ts le n g th b e y o n d th e sm a ll ey e . T h e
p o s te r io r a p e r tu r e o f th e n o s tr ils is im m e d ia te ly a b o v e th e
m id d le o f th e e y e , a n d th e a n te r io r o ne , w h ic h is sm a lle r,
is o v e r th e in n e r a n g le o f th e e y e , b u t i t is n o t e a sy to d is tin
g u ish th e n o s tril o f so sm a ll a fish from som e p o r e s o n
th e sn o u t. N o n e o f th e o p e n in g s h a v e tu b u la r m a rg in s .
A tra n sv e rs e s l i t o n th e th ro a t, w ith o u t a s e p tum , a n d
d is ta n t n e a r ly a n e le v e n th p a r t o f th e w h o le le n g th o f th e
fish from th e s n o u t, is th e o n ly b r a n c h ia l_ o p e n in g . I t s
h in d e r ed g e is sm o o th a n d ev e n with th e a d jo in in g in te g u men
t. T h e th in g ill-m em b ra n e s , u n ite d ev e n ly in th e
m id d le , fo rm th e a n te r io r lip o f th e o p e n in g , a n d a re t r a ve
rs e d lo n g itu d in a lly b y n in e furrows. T h e ir ra y s c a n n o t
b e tr a c e d w ith o u t d is s e c tio n .
A d e e p ev e n fu rrow m a rk s o u t th e la te r a l lin e a t th e
m id d le o f th e h e ig h t, a n d th e r e is a f a in te r m e s ia l furrow
o n th e to p o f th e fo re p a r t o f th e b a c k , e x te n d in g to th e
h in d h e a d , b o th b e in g th e e ffe c t o f th e sw e llin g o f th e
m u s c le s . T h e a n u s is le s s th a n a th i r d o f th e whole
le n g th d is ta n t fi'om th e tip o f th e ta il.
T h e d o r s a l is a m e re s k in n y h em , w ith o u t ra y s , c om m
e n c in g a b o u t m idw ay b e tw e e n th e g ill-o p e n in g a n d a n u s ,
a t f ir s t v e ry low , b u t r is in g a l ittle a s th e ta il b e com e s
m o re s le n d e r , a n d r e a c h in g to th e e x tr em ity o f th e c a u d a l
ra y s . T h e a n a l, b e g in n in g c lo se to th e an u s , is s im ila r to
th e d o rs a l, a n d a lso re a c h e s to th e e n d o f th e c a u d a l. In
th e c a u d a l fin, se v e n u n b r a n c h e d jo in te d ra y s c a n b e p e r-
c e iv e d with th e a id o f a le n s . T h e r e is n o t th e s lig h te s t
v e s tig e o f p e c to ra ls -
I n c o lo u r th e fish is u n ifo rm ly liv e r-b row n , s lig h tly
p a le r a lo n g th e v e n tr a l lin e , a n d d a rk e r tow a rd s th e tip o f
th e ta il. T h e th ro a t a n d ch e e k s , w ith th e sn o u t, a re b lu ish -
g rey , m o ttle d th ic k ly w ith b row n sp o ts a n d lin e s. I h a v e
b e e n u n a b le to d e te c t s c a le s w ith a le n s , b u t ve ry m in u te
o n e s m ay n e v e r th e le s s e x is t, a s M r. M cC le lla n d s ta te s
th a t h is C h in a sp e c ie s is c o v e red w ith m in u te s c a le s . T h i s
fish b e in g , i f w e m a y ju d g e from th e figure , 13|- in c h e s
lo n g , m a y b e e x p e c te d to sh ow th e s c a le s m o r e d is tin c tly
th a n o u r sm a ll o n e , w h ic h is little m o re th a n a th ird o f th a t
le n g th .
DIMENSIONS.
L en g th from end of sn o u t I
tip o f ta il ........................... 5-22 ii
an u s ..................................... 3-60
dorsal tin ................................ 2 85
g ill-opeuing ...................... 0-50
.......................................... !!.’" ! 1-58
L en g th of cleft o f mouth
D istance between - .........a.-nd tip o f ta il ...
H a b . D a in p ie r’s A rc h ip e la g o .