m o u th s fo rm in g s h o r t c ir rh i. T h e s tru c tu r e o f th e p o re s
on th e la te r a l lin e is th e same . A row o f m in u te a n d d is ta
n t p o r e s , w ith o u t tu b u la r lip s , c a n b e tr a c e d from b e h in d
th e p e c to r a l, a lo n g th e lin e o f o rig in o f th e m u s c le s in th e
m id d le o f th e s id e s , to th e c a u d a l iin. T h e sk in o n th e
u p p e r ed g e o f th e o rb it is tum id , a u d a sm a ll c re s t, com p
o s e d o f u n i te d tu b e s , w ith o p e n m o u th s , ris e s from its
m id d le . T h is c r e s t is u o t u u ifo n n , h a v in g a m o re p a lm a te d
s h a p e in som e in d iv id u a ls , w h ile in o th e r s th e l ittle tu b u la
r b r a u c h le ts s ta n d o u t o n eve ry s id e . S om e v a ria tio n in
s iz e a n d form is , p e rh a p s , ow in g to th e s e a so n a t w h ich
th e s p e c im e n s were ta k e n , th e e x am p le s p ro c u r e d b y S ir
J am e s R o s s h a v in g b u t a v e s tig e o f th e c re s t, e v e n w h e n th e
sk in is p e r f e c t in th a t p a r t ; b u t i t is to b e o b s e rv e d , th a t
m a n y o f th em h a v e th e in te g um e n ts b ro k e n th e r e , a s
i f th e tu b u la r p ro je c tio n s , h a v in g b e e n ve ry te n d e r, h a d
w orn o ff m o re re a d ily th a n th e r e s t o f th e in te g um e n t.
T h e to p o f th e h e a d a n d s h o u ld e r s is s tu d d e d w ith little
ro u n d so ft g ra in s , a n d f ilam e n to u s p o in ts , n o t ve ry visib le
w ith o u t th e a id o f a l e n s ; a n d a few s im ila r g ra in s e x is t
o n tb e in te g um e n ts in v e s tin g th e d o rs a l r a y s . A ll th e se
se em to b e th e tum id l ip s o f m in u te p o re s .
T h e b o d y a p p e a r s to h av e b e e n o r a n g e , with th re e ir r e g
u la r d a rk b row n b a n d s d e s c e n d in g from th e b a c k . T h e
to p o f th e h e a d is d a rk ; th e b e lly a n d th e fore p a r t o f th e
b a c k sh ow in g th e o r a n g e -c o lo u re d g ro u n d . T h e s e c o n d
d o rs a l, p e c to r a l, a n d c a u d a l, a re te s s e lla te d b y sq u a rish ,
b la c k is h -b row n sp o ts , c o n fin e d to th e m em b ra n e . T h e s e
s p o ts fo rm rows, wh en th e fin s a re fully e x te n d e d . T h e r e
a rc a lso som e d a rk s p e c k s o n th e ed g e o f th e f irs t d o rs a l,
a n d a few b lo tc h e s o n th e v e n tra ls . T h e a n a l is o ran g e ,
a n d u n sp o tte d .
L e n g th o f th e sp e c im e n s g e n e ra lly a b o u t th re e in c h e s .
O b s . O n e s p e c im e n is e n tire ly d e s titu te o f a first d o rs a l,
a n d b e a r s n o m a rk o f th e b a c k h a v in g re c e iv e d any in ju ry .
I t s s e c o n d d o rs a l c o n ta in s tw e n ty -o n e a r tic u la te d ra y s , a n d
th e a n a l fin e ig h te e n ra y s .
H a b . T h e F a lk la n d is la n d s .
H a r p a g if e r p a l l io l a t u s . R ic h a rd so n .
C h . S p e c . H . s tr ig d a lb e s c e n ii a h e x tr e iiio ro stro p e r sum -
m u m d o r sum a d c a u d am i r a c i d ; la te r ib u s fu s c i s tr a n s v
e rse h ifa s c ia t i s ; co rp o re i n f r a a u r a n tia c o .
R a d i i ;— B r . 6 ; D . 31— 2 2 ; A . 1 7 ; C . l l ^ ; P . 1 6 ; V. l | o .
P l a t e X I I ., figs. 5 , 6 , 7 , n a tu r a l s iz e .*
I h a v e se e n o n ly o n e e x am p le o f th is form o f H a r p a g ife r ,
a n d am n o t c o n v in c e d o f its b e in g sp e c ific a lly d is tin c t
from b isp in v i, n o tw ith s ta n d in g th e v e ry d iffe re n t w ay in
w h ic h i t is c o lo u re d . I t m ay b e a s e x u a l d re s s m e re ly .
O n ly th r e e sp in e s c a n b e d e te c te d in th e fu s t d o rs a l, a n d
th e s u p r a o rb ita r c r e s t se em s to b e com p o s e d o f a s in g le
c o n ic a l lu b e . I n a ll o th e r p a r ts o f e x te rn a l s tru c tu r e , th e
r e s em b la n c e to b isp in is is e x trem e ly c lo se . T h e s u b o p e r c
u l a r sp iu e is a c u te ly p o in te d . I n b isp in is th is sp in e is
som e tim e s a c u te , som e tim e s n o tc h e d a t th e tip . T h e on ly
• T h e figures :
tioned.
e blu rred iu p tin lin g , from tb e cause already nienr
e a so n for g iv in g th is fish a d i s tin c t n am e , is th e m ilk -
w h ite s tre a k wh ich c om m en c e s o n th e sym p h y s is o f th e
u p p e r jaw , a n d ru n s a lo n g th e m id d le o f th e h e a d a n d
b a c k to th e ta il, s e n d in g o ne b a n d down th e s id e tow a rd s
th e an u s , a n d a n o th e r a t th e e n d o f th e s e c o n d do rsa l.
T h e m a x illa r ie s a re a lso w h ite . T h e g ro u n d -c o lo u r o f th e
h e a d a n d s id e s is g re y ish -b la c k , fa d in g on th e flanks to
h a ir b row n . T h e u n d e r su rfa c e a n d th e fins a re m a rk e d
a s in b isp in is .
A sm a ll c r e n a te d flap p ro je c ts from th e fore ed g e o f th e
an u s , r a th e r m o re co n sp ic u o u s ly th a n in th e o rd in a ry e x am
p le s o f b is p in is , a n d th e re is a m in u te g e n ita l tu b e rc le
b e h in d , a s shown in fig u re 7.
L e n g th , 2 ‘G2 in c h e s . L e n g th from tip o f u p p e r lip to
a n u s , P 3 0 in c h e s .
H-ab. T h e F a lk la n d s .
P.ATÆCUS. R ic h a rd s o n , A n n . N a t. I l i s t . fo r O c t. 1844,
vol. x iv. p . 2 8 0 .
C h . G e n . F o rm a com p r e s s is s im a , c ir c um s c r ip iio n e la te r a li
s em ip a ra h o lic á ; f a c i e f r o n i a i d obliq u e r e tr o d e s c en d
e n ti.
O s p a r v u m , r ic tu f e r è h o r iz o n ta li p a r u m d e c liv i. M a x illa
in fe rio r p o ro sa , c i r r is m in im is p a r c e p r e d ila .
D e n te s m in u tis s im i, a r e n a c e i in m a x i l l i s u lr isq u e , ossi-
hu sq u e p h a r y n g e is s tip a ti. L in g u a , vomer, p a la iu m -
q u e la v e s.
O cu li la te ra le s in s um m d g e n a p o s iti.
O s s a c a p itis o p e r c u lo rum q u e in e rm ia , s iilc a tim in s c u lp la .
Os p r e o rb ila le m em b ro tem i i v e r tic a li : disco in fe ro d ila ta
to , in s c u lp to . C a iem d a su b o rb ita lis m em b ra n a c eo -
ta b u la la , n e c o ssea, oculo r em o ta , e disco p r e o rb ìluH s a d
tem p o ra g e n am tra n s c iir r en s .
A p e r tu r a b ra n c h ia lis am p ia , p o s tic è in fr a q u e e iiam in t r a
ram o s m a x i l la in fe r io r is a d m e n tem u sq u e e x te n sa ,
su p e r o p e r c u lum c la u sa . M em b r a n a b ra n c h io s te g a s u p
e r n e a p ic u la ta , in f r à n o n is thm o a n n e x a n e c c um p a r i
suo c o n jú g a la , r a d iis s e x su s te n ta ta .
S q u am æ m i t la . C u tis la v is s im u s . L in e a la te r a lis p o s t
ic è s um m um d o r sum a ttin g e n s . A n u s m e d ia n u s , p a -
p i l ld n u lld .
P in n æ p e c to r a le s s a tis magnat, p a u c i r a d ia ta , h um ile s , p o s
in o n e fo r s i la n q u e fu n c tio n e v e n tra le s p in n a s q u a
d e s tin i s im u la n te s ; r a d iis te n u ib u s in d iv is is om n ib u s
a r tic u la tis .
P in n a d o rs i p in n a m dorsalem A g rio p i re fe r en s , p e r to tum
d o r sum a b e x tr em o f r o n t e a n te oculos a d p in n a m c a u d a
u sq u e c u i m em b r a n a c o n n e x a r e g n a n s : ra d iis a r t i c u la
tis e ju s e t p i n n a a n i a tte n u a t i s v i x a ra d iis n o n a r i i-
cu la r ib u s , J ie x ilib tis , n um e ro s io r ib u s oculo n u d o d ig -
no sc eu d is.
P in n a a n i a p in n d c a u d a d is c r e ta . R a d i i p i n n a c a u d a
in d iv is i, te n u e s , a r iic n la ti.
V e rte b ræ c ir c ite r 35, q u a r um 18 a d c a u d am p e r tin e n te s .
P a tæ c ü s PRONTO. R ic h a rd so n .
P a ta c u s f r o n to , spe c ie s u n ic a a d h u c cognita.
R a d i i:— B r . 6 ; D . 2 4 |1 (); A. l l | 1 5 ; C. IO ; P . 8 .
P i a t e X I I I . , fig s . 1, 2 , n a tu r a i siz e .
W e h a v e se en b u t a sin g le e x am p le o f th is very cu rio u s
fish, w h ic li w a s d r ie d w ith o u t a n y p re p a r a tio n w h a te v e r.
F rom llie ex trem e th in n e s s o f th e b o d y , th is p la n h a s a n swe
red p r e tty w e ll, a n d th e re d o e s n o t a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n
a n y m a te ria l a lte ra tio n o f th e n a tu r a l form. T h e s p e c im e n
w a s pi-csented to th e B r itis h M u s eum , b y H i s E x c e lle n c y
C a p ta in G eo rg e G re y , G o v e rn o r o f S o u th A u s tra lia . O n
a c c o u n t o f th e f le x ib ility o f its sp in o u s ra y s , i t o u g h t p ro -
b a b lv to b e r a n g e d w ith th e G o b iid a , am o n g w h ich th e r e
is a lre a d y a n o th e r ap o d a l g en u s , viz . A n a r r itic h a s , b u t it
d o e s n o t p o s s e s s a g e n ita l p a p illa , a n d th e i n te rn a l an a tom y
is unk n ow n . In e x te rn a l form, a n d in th e g e n e ra l a p p e a r a
n c e a n d s c u lp tu r in g o f th e b o n e s o f th e h e a d , P a la c u s
h a s som e a n a lo g y to A g r io p u s , j u s t a s C h a n ic h th y s re sem
b le s T r iy la . T h e h a b its o f th e fish a re unk n ow n to us.
T h i s fish is ve ry m u c h c om p re s s e d , th in n in g o f f o n th e
d o rs a l lin e to th e m e re th ic k n e s s o f th e b a s e s o f th e d o rs a l
ra y s , b u t b e in g o b tu s e o n th e b e lly , b e fo re th e a n u s . T h e
u p p e r p ro file is p a r a b o lic , th e c u rv e ris in g from th e o v e rh
a n g in g fo reh e ad to its sum m it a t th e twe lfth ra y , w h ic li is
o p p o s ite to th e b a s e o f th e p e c to ra ls . T h e d e s c e n t to th e
c a u d a l fin is lo n g e r, a n d m o re g ra d u a l. T h e fa c e , in d e s
c e n d in g tow a rd s th e m o u th , in c lin e s c o n s id e r a b ly b a c k w
a rd s , in a s lig h tly c o n c av e lin e . T h e r ic tu s o f th e
m o u th is n e a r ly h o r i z o n ia l ; th e u n d e r jaw is e q u a l in
le n g th to th e u p p e r o n e , a n d lie s n e a r ly in a s tr a ig h t line
w ith th e th o r a x a n d b e lly , a s fa r a s th e a n u s . T h e r e is a
little a s c e n t from th e a n u s to th e h o r iz o n ta l u n d e r p ro file
o f th e ta il. T h e h e ig h t o f th e p o s te r io r p a r t o f th e ta il is
sc a rc e ly o n e -e ig h th o f t h a t o f th e b o d y a t th e p e c to r a ls .
T h e g r e a te s t th ic k n e s s o f th e fish a p p e a r s to b e a t th e c o n v
e x g ill-cove rs, a n d th e c om p re s s io n to a u gm e n t p o s te rio rly ,
b u t a s th e sp e c im en h a s b e e n d rie d , th e e x a c t th ic k n e s s a t
th e sh o u ld e r c a n n o t b e a s c e r ta in e d . T h e a n u s is m idw ay
b e tw e e n th e u p p e r lip a n d th e b a s e o f th e c au d a l.
T h e h e a d , m c a su ie d from th e b row to th e g ill-o p e n in g ,
fo rm s n e a rly a th ird o f th e to ta l le n g th , c a u d a l e x c lu d e d .
I t is e x trem e ly na rrow , on a fro n t view p r e s e n tin g n o tliin g
b u t tb e ib in e d g e s o f tb e fro n ta l b o n e s , c o n n e c te d b y a
n a rrow s trip e o f m em b ran e , w h ic h , in th e d r ie d sp e c im en ,
fo rm s a furrow, th e ey e s a n d n o s tr ils b e in g e n tire ly la te ra l.
T h e ey e s a re h ig h n p on th e c h e e k s , a n d th e n o s trils , w h ich
are m in u te , a re n e a r e r th e p ro file . T h e u p p e r o p e n in g is
b e tw e e n tw o d e s c e n d in g p ro c e s s e s o f th e a n te r io r fro n ta l,
a n d th e low e r o ne , wh ich h a s a tu b u la r m a rg in , is a b o u t
h a l f way b e tw e e n th e e y e a n d th e u p p e r lip.
T h e m o u th , sm a ll a u d low d ow n , is fo rm ed above
e n tire ly b y th e in te rm a x illa r ie s , w h ic h a re m o d e ra te ly
p ro tra c tile , th e ir p e d ic le s b e in g a b o u t h a l f a s lo n g a s th e
lim b s. T h e m a x illa r ie s w id en gi-adually tow a rd s th e ir
low e r ro u n d e d en d s , a n d a re lo n g itu d in a lly s cu lp tu re d .
T h e low e r jaw e q u a ls th e u jip e r o n e in le n g th , a n d its
lim b s a re p o ro u s b e n e a th , sev e ra l o f th e p o re s h a v in g p r o je
c tin g lip s fo rm in g m in u te b a rb e ls . T h e in te rm a x illa r ie s
a n d low e r jaw a re a rm e d with v e ry m in u te te e th , lik e
g ra in s o f s a n d , d en s e ly c row d e d in to a m o d e ra te ly wide
b a n d , T h e vom e r a n d p a la te -b o n e s a rc sm o o th . T h e
p h a ry n g e a l b o n e s a n d th e se ssile hcmisi>hc ric a l r a k e rs a re
a rm ed with n e a rly m ic ro s co p ic a l villiform te e th .
T h e su b o rb ita r c h a in a p p e a rs to b e a m e re row o f m em b
ra n o u s lu b e s , c u rv in g a c ro s s th e ch e ek from th e tem p le s
a t a c o n s id e ra b le d is ta n c e b e n e a th th e ev e . T h e p ro o rb
i la r is, h ow eve r, we ll d e v e lo p e d , a n d p r e s e n ts , c lo s e to
th e m o u th , ail ova l b o n y d isk , s c u lp tu r e d in a s te llifo rm
m a n n e r. A n a r row p ro c e s s ris e s from b e fo re th e c h e e k ,
to m e e t a p o in t o f th e a n te r io r fro n ta l, n e a r th e a n g le o f
th e e y e ; th e r e is a m in u te p o in t o r to o th on th e sam e s id e
o f th e d isk , in c o n n e x io n w ith th e su b o rb ita r c h a i n ; tw o
o th e rs , eq u a lly sm a ll, e x is t o n th e o th e r s id e , n e x t th e
m a x illa ry , a n d th e two e n d s o f th e d isk a re o b tu s e . T h e
b o n e is le v e l with th e in te g um e n t, a n d d o e s n o t c o v e r a n y
p a r t o f th e m a x illa ry .
T h e f ro n ta l b o n e is a r c h e d ov e r th e e y e , a n d is e n tir e ly
la te r a l, its th in ed g e o n ly b e in g se en a b o v e o r a n te r io r ly .
I t is s c u lp tu r e d , a s a re a lso th e o c c ip ita l a n d s u p r a s c a p u la r
b o n e s . T h e p re o p e rc u lum is cu rv e d e llip tic a lly , its u p p e r
lim b b e in g w iü e s t, a n d som ew h a t t r ia n g u la r ; th e n a r row e r
u n d e r lim b d e s c e n d s c o n s id e ra b ly , a s i t ru n s fo rw a rd to
th e a n g le o f th e m o u th . A t th e u n io n o f th e lim b s , p o s te
rio rly , th e r e is a sm a ll c om e r , r e n d e r e d m o re d is tin c t b y
th e c o u rs e o f th e lin e s o n its su rfa c e . T h e e d g e o f th e
b o n e is o th e rw is e e n tire . T h e in te ro p e r c u lum a s c e n d s o b liq
u e ly a s it ru n s b a c kw a rd s , a n d w id en s p o s te r io r ly in a s p a -
tu la le m a n n e r. T h e o p e rc u lum c om e s in fo rw a rd s i'or n e a rly
h a l f its le n g th a b o v e th e u p p e r d isk o f th e p r e o p e r c u lum ,
a n d th e lin e s on its su rfa c e ru n tow a rd s two d i s tin c t p o in ts
on its p o s te r io r m a rg in . T h e su b o p c rc n lum is r a th e r over
th a n b e h in d th e in te ro p e r c u lum , a n d h a s a n e a r ly r e c ta n g
u la r d isk . A ll th e s e b o n e s a re s c u lp tu r e d , a s is a lso th e
h um e r a l c h a in , b u t n o n e h a v e e ith e r p u n g e n t te e th , or
se rva ture s.
T h e g ill-m em b ra n e e d g e s th e g ill-co v e r, a n d e n d s a t
th e u p p e r a n g le , in a sm a ll p e a k , w ith a n o tc h a n te r io r
to it. I t is s u p p o r te d b y s ix ra y s , th e u p jjc r o n e
c u rv in g ro u n d th e o p e r c u la r b o n e s to th e u p p e r an g le .
T h e o p e n in g ru n s u n d e r th e th ro a t u p to th e c h in , th e m em b
r a n e h a v in g n o a tta c hm e n t to th e is thm u s , a n d n o c o n n
e x io n with its fe llow, e x c e p t a t th e p o in t o f aU a c hm e n l
to th e lowe r jaw .
T h e d o rs a l fia c om m e n c e s a t th e a n te r io r to p o f th e
fo reh e ad , b e fo re th e e y e , a n d r e a c h e s to th e e n d o f th e
ta il, b e in g u n ite d to th e c a u d a l fin. I t s sp in o u s r a y s a re
r a th e r s to u t a t th e b a s e , p a r tic u la r ly a n te rio rly , b u t f le x ib le
a t th e tip s . T h e s e c o n d , th ird , a n d fo u rth a re ta l le s t ; th e
follow in g o n e s b e c om e g r a d u a lly s h o r te r to th e f iile c n th or
s ix te e n th , a fte r w h ich th e y in c r e a s e in le n g th o n to th e
e ig h th a r tic u la te d ra y . T h i s g ra d a tio n o f th e ra y s , c o n jo
in e d w ith th e cu rv e o f th e b a c k , giv e s a n a lm o s t s tr a ig h t,
o r s lig h tly co n c a v e lin e to th e ed g e o f th e fin, w ith a
ro u n d in g o il'tow a rd s th e e n d o f tb e ta il.
T h e jo in te d r a y s ta p e r , a n d a re n o t re a d ily d is tin g u ish a b le
b y Ih e 'n a k c d ey e from th e p o s te r io r sp in o u s o n e s . T h e r e
a re tw o o r th r e e pains o f m in u te m em b ra n o u s p ro c e s s e s on
th e s id e o f th e se c o n d d o rsa l ray , a n d o n e p a ir o n th e th ird
ra y . T h e c a u d a l fin is s lig h tly ro u n d e d a t th e e n d , e ig h t
o f its ray s b e in g n e a rly o f th e s am e le n g th , w hile th e tw o
lowe r o n e s a rc s h o r te r a n d g ra d u a te d . T h e a n a l lin , w ith
co n s id e ra b ly le s s h e ig h t th a n th e p o s te r io r jia r t o f th e
do rs a l, a p p ro a c h e s to i t in form. I t is n o t conneclocl with
th e c a u d a l, b u t th e la s t ra y is b o u n d to th e ta il b y m em b
r a n e . T h e p e c to r a ls a re la rg e , o v e r-re a c h in g th e a n te r io r
th ird o f th e a n a l, a n d a re a tta c h e d n e a r to th e v e n tr a l s u r fa
c e . T h e ir ra y s a re s le n d e r a n d ta p e r in g , w ith th e tip s