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ANCIENT BEITISH—AEEAS, E. E. TOEKSHIEE.
horses, neither of them exceeding thirteen hands in height*. Several rings, buckles, and what
were regarded as two linch-pins, were found with other objects, either of bronze, or of iron plated
or mounted with bronze, which clearly belonged to the trappings or yoke of the horses or
fittings of the chariot; and resembled similar objects found at Polden Hill, at Stanwick, and
other places t- With these, and likewise on the western side of the barrow, were a pair of massy
and finely formed horse-bits. These were of iron, plated with bronze, and ornamented with a chain
pattern running round them (fig. 10). The two objects compared to " Mnch-pins" (figs. 11, 12)
were more likely connected with the ^6ke,jugwm,; they were probably the pias or bolts, by means
of which certain ornamental fittings were attached to the upper part. Precisely similar pins were
found at Stanwick, and are figured in the York volume of the Archaeological Institute J. The
two portions were originally united by the iron pin now broken; the flattened form of the lower
end being clearly intended to obviate injury to the withers of the horses. The rings (figs. 13,14)
have evidently been connected with the yoke, or the harness. That having a plain unplated portion
(fig. 13), by means of which it had been attached to the leather, or, as is more likely, to the woodwork,
is one of a pair, which had probably been intended for confining the reins over the shoulders
of the horses. Such rings we know were often fixed, for this very purpose, to each end of the
yoke. Two rings of exactly the same form, supposed to be " parts of the ornaments of a horse's
bridle," were discovered in 1803 at Hagbourne HUl, Berks, adjoining the Ickneld "Way, with
objects hereafter further described. A ring of similar shape, but more highly decorated, found
at Bury TTi11 Camp, Gloucestershire, is in the collection of Sir Hemy Dryden, Bart., at Canon's
Ashby. All these objects may thus with much probability be regarded as connected with the
yoke of the chaiiot, referred to by Propertius as " esseda cmlatis Bntanna jucji»%"
A third tumulus was opened, likewise on the Arras ground, which, from the richness of its
female ornaments, was dignified with the name of the " Queen's Barrow." It was of moderate size,
and not more than three feet in elevation. In a cist in the chalk, about a foot in depth, was a
female skeleton, with the feet gathered up and the head towards the north. Near the head and
upper part of the body were about one hundred glass beads, the greater part of a deep blue or
fine azure colour, and ornamented with circlets, or with spots of white (fig. 15): a large number
of these were rcmai-kable for their size and the beauty of their form: the white rings appeared
to be filled in with a vitreous paste, which had suffered more from decay than the rest of the beads
(fig. 16) II. A small number were of clear green glass, entwined by a distinctly serpentine opaque
white hue, by which the figure of a snake was clearly intended (fig. 17). Near the breast was
* Proceedings of the Archseological Institute at York, p. 37.
plate 3. fig. 6 i p. 38. plate 4. fig. 2.
t The ring figured at p. 32 of the above " Proceedings,"
as from the Arras barrows, Mr. StilUngfleet states, is actually
one of the Stanwick objects; no ring of precisely this type
having-been discovered at Arras.
i Arcboeologia, vol. xvi. p. 348. plate 50. fig. 2.
§ Propertius, lib. ii. el. 1. v. 76.
II These beads have been twice analysed, and their colouring
matter found to be copper, and not, as that of modern hlueglass,
cobalt. The first of these analyses was made hy the Rev. "W.
Vernon Harconrt, and reported to a Meeting of the Yorkshire
Philosophical Society, April 6, 1830. Mr. Harcourt was of
opinion that the colour depended on the presence of carlonate
of copper, the of copper giving a red colour. Hefouud
6, 7.
that a blue glass may he obtained from copper, by employing a
large quantity of carbonate of soda. He did not, however, by
this process succeed in obtaining a good permanent glass; and
was informed that the art of making a fine blue glass by means
of copper is not now known.
The blue smalt powder used in painting the tomb of the
Egyptian king Psammis, derived its colour from copper ; and
the same applies to the blue glass, with which a small figure
of Isis brought from Egypt had been painted, and which
Mr. Harcourt analysed.
Another of the finest of these beads (fig. 16) was analysed
hy Professors Bnckman and Voelcker, the former of whom has
published a minute account of this analysis (Archaeological
Journal, 1852, vol. viii. p. 3.51: for "Wi lts, " in the first line of
this paper, read Yorkshire) : " Two circumstances are especially
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