The more general designation of Tschudes., however, prevail»
where th¥ Russians have .spready ©yen in late tones;- and by
them itm'uboripguiesv deserts a s^ srto rm ed ..
Tn Asia various Tartar or Turkish tribes have encroachedi-en
the southern borders of the TschudesandJJgrians, and like the
Germans and Slavonians in Europe, have driven them towards
the North, or have subdued and caused themto assimilate in
customs and-general habits, and insome instances in language,-
to their conquerors.
S e c t io n II.—0/" the Country originally and h t present inhabited
by the Iotuns and the kindred Nations, arid o f the
different-Tribes belonging to the Race.
I o t u n h k im , the abode or. home; t o Iotuns. o r»Emns^jfe
©glefemtgd in the|Sagas. Its situatioMs^unde&bed^ Some
. writers place it to the north-eastward, of Biarma-ianiior Per-
mia, in the unknown legion beyond the^eastern Bwinayand
reaching towards the Uralian mountains,* but^thej name was
vaguely applied to all the unconqupred countries of the Finnish ■
and the kindred tribes, wherever situated. Iotunheim was^he
land of mystery and darkness* a» were themx.treme.norths a#<id
west in the early fables pf the Greeks: it was called .by .the
•Northmen “ Risenland,” the country of giants,h and. “ Hun-
dinginland,” a region the inhabitants of which howled like
wolves and dogs.J
In periods long antecedent to the arrival of the .first Indo-
German colonies on the shores of fibu3 Baltl ^ l t is probable fhaf
the race, to whom they gave the name of Iotuns, inhabited all the
borders of that sea, and the whole of Scandinavia; but at the opening
of the historical times, in the age of the Sagas, wars of conquest
had long been waged between the aboriginal Finns and the
Teutpnicand Slavonian nations who invaded them. At that time
we find the Iotun rape stretching eastward from Scandinavia
tpwqrds the Uralian chain, and separated by, a definite barrier
from the tribes pf a different kindred who had expelled them
from the south. This barrier is marked out by. striking features
* Schlbzetj Allgem. Nordr-Geschichte, s, 442.
f MiiUer's Ugrische Volkstamm, p. i, s. 414. $• Ibid. s. 415;
jin the physical geography of the countries. Of the rivers of
European Rdssdu^so me- «flow northwards into the Baltic and the
White-Sea, others towards' the Euxine and the Caspian. A
ridgeaof’highlands may-be traced through the whole extent of
this country from; easrito west, which 'divides the sources of
thehorthern.and southern waters; | From the heights of Waldai
to the souto-eastwafidtofî old jNoWgo'rPdcand' the country Surrounding
the sbutfriêsof theiWolga, .this ridge) termed by to p
Russians Uwaltond the Great Uwalli, Extends, with irregular
bendfcgs&owards the east. Passing by the great lake of Bieloi
Ozeroyitvcontinués between Kostroma to the norths and Vo-
fagda and JaTQ&Jawi|tto toepsouth, divides*the domain of the
DWina from that of the; Upper W m g ^ ân d ascends^towards
the Ural between the sources of the 'Petschora and the
Kama.1 The great- Uwalli ^tonningtobarly to d e r' the sixtieth
parallel to datitudey may b e -' Said- to separate; Eastern Europe
infdfiwo'great »regions, of different climate aiidK rfattirai- produO-
t-ionsfone*of which commu-moafesby?ift|miV!fers'with the Frozen
©BCanfl andtoe^Tfri&with the Po'ntic-knd>Caspian'SeaSl-Thesé
regioifàto th-è^sOUthward’ and north-ward of the4UwallP present
strikiüg^difiltdM^és of vegetation. The oaky the great ornament
oftoe'1 German forests/ M confined in the east of »Eu rope to the
opéOtries ly iu g to to ë Southward ôftoedîeights ôfiWaldai ; and
toe* principal eltns, Ulmus satina and campestris, are scarcely
sërin* to th e northward of this rid g e / O fr toetoereto gramina,
rye and bailey*alone grow to the northward; while whèat and
P # f %re nativè fir the regi'èé&Jyïn'g to the southward of the-same
limit, where the plains, Watered by'toeWolgà and the Dnieper,
abounding-id rich côrn-fieldsyhavé been th é grânaEry of Eurdpe.
f he cotififries thus physically 'distinguished piëiÈàt a fiée of
separation important is?an ethnological poinf ofi View.* To-the
northward of’this limit-we may placétoe; Finnin'gia, and to the
southward tlie'SarmatiaftffUhe Roman writers : tile former the
immemorial abode'of Finnish* and Tschudish nations, the latter
occupied by tribes'of Antes,- Serbes, and others, whosfelinèage
ia scarcely*di’stin g u ish ate in the* middle fiages>' The relation
o f'th e great Sarmatian tifcd 'living further towards the south
* M idler, Ugr isch e Volkstamm, f e