Tribe IV. S e n e c io n id e e .
Sub-tribe. M e lam po d in e e . Flowers unisexual, no
hermaphrodites; male and female in different plants (dioi-
cous), or in different capitula o f the same plant (hetero-
cephalous), or in the same capitulum (monoicous): anthers
ecaudate; receptacle usually paleaceous: pappus never
setose.
Div. IV. M e l am po d ie e . Capitula many-flowered,
monoicous, radiate. Achaznia corticate. [By “achaznia
corticate” is meant the achcenia being wrapped in the scale
o f the involucre or palea o f the receptacle, and so agluti-
noted to it that they form a single mass or become one
&«<*/■]
51. Me lamp odium (Lin. D. C. Prod. 5-517). Capitula
many-flowered, monoicous; florets of the ray, 5-10,
one series, ligulate, female; of the disk tubular, male.
Achsenia of the disk abortive, of the ray obovate or incurved,
smooth, bald, more or less infolded within the
interior scales of the involucre, hence often tubercu-
lated, or rugous externally, and crowned at the apex.—
Herbs or under-shrubs. Stems dichotomous, leaves opposite.
Pedicels in the forks, 1-cephalous, involucre
double, exterior scales 5 or 3, interior as many as there
are florets in the ray. Receptacle convex or conical,
paleaceous, p ale s diaphanous. Flowers yellow. Lucon,
Philippines.
Div. V. A m b r o s ie e . Capitula male and female in
the same plant; male involucregamophyllous, many-flowered;
female 1- or few-flowered. Anthers o f the male free.
Corolla tubular, sometimes wanting in the nude.
52. X anthium (Toum. D. C. 5-522, R. W. Icon.
1104) . Capitula monoicous; male involucre sub-globose,
many-flowered, scales free, 1 series; receptacle cylindrical,
paleaceous. Corolla clavate, 5-lobed; filaments
scarcely adnate to the corolla, anthers free. Female,
2 flowers enclosed within a 2-beaked, prickly involucre;
corolla filiform; stigmas 2, diverging. Achsenia one in
each cell of the afterwards indurated involucre.—Herbaceous
plants with variously divided leaves. Capitula
irregularly glomerate, spicate, males above, females
below. [D. C. well remarks of this, “a very abnormal
genus among Composite, referred by Ventenat to Urti-
c e * , and by Reichenbach to Cucurbitaceae.” But for
the venation of the corolla of the male flowers I would
coincide with the former. The female has no corolla
except the beaks, through an aperture of which the
stigmas pass.] A very common weed in waste places
among rubbish, &c.
Div. VII. P a r t h em ie e . Capitula monoicous, radiate.
Achcenia o f the ray obcompressed or rarely trigonous.
IAgulaz long, adherent.
53. M oonia (Amott D. C. 7, p. 288, R. W. Icon.
1105) . Capitula monoicous; florets of the ray 1 series,
female, ligulate, 3-cleft; of the disk male. Branches o f .
the style of the female linear, revolute; style of the
male incluse, simple, or slightly cleft at the apex.
Achsenia obovate, somewhat compressed, entire or
shortly bicornate at the apex.—Shrubs: leaves opposite:
peduncles terminal, 1-cephalous. Involucre 2 series, the
exterior spreading, recurved, interior erect. Receptacle
paleaceous, p a le s membranous, 1-nerved. Flowers yellow.
[Owing to the Neilgherry species differing in
several particulars from the Ceylon one, I have slightly
modified the character for its admission.] Ceylon, Neil-
gherries—about the Avalanche and Koondah’s abundant.
Sub-tribe. H e l ia n t h e e . Capitula usually heteroga-
mous radiate, or homogamous discoid. Receptacle wholly,
or at least the margin paleaceous. Lobes o f the corolla of
the hermaphrodite florets thick. Pappus none, crown-like,
or aristate. Anthers blackish, ecaudate.
Div. I . H e l io p s id e e . Capitula heterogamous, with
ligulate, female ray florets, or discoid. Achcenia large,
usually furnished with thick, adherent bark, never obcom-
pressea. Pappus wanting, or crown-like, or shortly
aristulate.
54. W e d e h a (Jacq. D. C. 5-538, R. W. Icon. 1106-
7). Capitula heterogamous; florets of the ray 1 series,
ligulate, female; of the disk hermaphrodite, 5-toothed.
Branches of the style of the hermaphrodite flowers ending
in a cone. Achsenia obovate or compressed, beakless,
with a crown or calyx-like pappus. Receptacle
paleaceous.— Sufiruticose or herbaceous, leaves opposite.
Pedicels terminal or axillary. Involucre 2-3
series, exterior foliaceous. Receptacle paleaceous.
Generally diffused over India.
55. W ollastonia (D. C. 5-546, R. W . Icon. 1108).
Capitula heterogamous; florets of the ray ligulate, 1
series, female; of the disk hermaphrodite. Corolla
articulated above the ovary. Achsenia thick, obovate,
turbinate, or compressed, umbilicate at the apex, or
bearing 5 slender ' aristae.—Sufiruticose, usually hispid,
leaves opposite, triplinerved. Pedicels at the apices of
the branches about 3, one-cephalous. Involucre 2-3
series, exterior foliaceous. Receptacle paleaceous.
Flowers yellow. Like the preceding, a widely diffused
genus.
56. G u izo t ia (Cass. D. C. 5-551, R. W. Illust. 132).
Capitula heterogamous; ray ligulate, female; disk hermaphrodite,
tubular, 5-toothed, base of the tube of the
corolla furnished with a ring of thick jointed hairs.
Achsenia smooth.—Herbaceous: flowers large, terminal,
pedicelled. Involucre 2 series, foliaceous. Receptacle
paleaceous. Flowers yellow. [The only species, G.
oleifera (Wight’s Illust. tab. 132), is much cultivated in
Mysore as an oil plant. It is a widely distributed plant.]
Lower Bengal, Mysore.
Div. II. R u d b e c k ie e . Capitula heterogamous, ray
florets ligulate, sterile. Achcenia beakless. Pappus none,
or croum-like.
57. S clerocarpus (Jacq. D. C. Prod. 5-566). Capitula
many-flowered, heterogamous; ray florets 3, neuter,
minute, irregularly ligulate, opposite the inner scales of
the involucre; disk ones tubular, hermaphrodite; Corolla
of the disk persistent, 5-toothed. Anthers scarcely
adherent; prolonged at the apex. Branches of the style
subulate. Achaenia of the ray abortive; of the disk
inclosed within the indurated paleae.—Herbs; stem
rough; leaves alternate, triplinerved. Involucre double;
exterior foliaceous. Receptacle small, convex, the paleae
infolding the flowers of the disk and shorter than them.
Corolla yellow.
Div. III. Coreopsideje. Capitula heterogamous, florets
o f the ray neuter. Achcenia beakless, pappus sometimes
2 or 4 bristles, sometimes consisting o f squameUce
and bristles.
58. H e l ia n th u s (Lin. D. C. Prod. 5-585). Capitula
many-flowered, heterogamous; ray florets ligulate,
neuter, 1 series; disk ones tubular, hermaphrodite.
Branches of the style appendiculate. Achaenia laterally
compressed or obsolately 4-angled. Pappus 2 crownlike
scales.—Herbaceous plants with opposite, sometimes
alternate leaves. Capitula large. Involucre irregularly
imbricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Corolla of the
disk short, throat dilated. Flowers yellow. [This genus
scarcely merits a place in the Indian Flora, but as it is
every where cultivated and is supposed by many to be
an Indian plant, I have introduced it here.]
Div. IV. B id e n t e e . Capitula heterogamous, florets
of the ray neuter, rarely homogamous, discoid. Achcenia
beaked at the apex, usually prolonged into 1-4 awns beset
with retrorse prickles.
59. B iden s (Lin. D. C. 5-593). Capitula either homogamous,
discoid, or radiate, with the florets of the
ray ligulate, neuter. Achcenia more or less obcompressed,
surmounted by an aculeate beak, ending in
2-5 rigid, retrorsely-hispid bristles. Herbaceous annuals
with opposite often divided leaves. Involucre
2 series, scales of each either similar or dissimilar.
Receptacle flat, paleaceous. Flowers usually yellow,
in one purple. A widely distributed genus.
Div. V . V e r b e s in e e . Capitula heterogamous, florets
of the ray ligulate, female rarely homogamous, discoid.
Achcenia with their bark usually compressed or obcompressed,
bald, or prolonged into as many rigid awns as there
are angles, rarely surmounted by pappus.
60. S pil a n t h e s (Jacq. D. C. 5-620, R. W. Icon.
1109). Capitula sometimes heterogamous, with the
florets of the ray ligulate, female; sometimes homogamous,
all the florets hermaphrodite, tubular 4-5-toothed.
Branches of the style of the hermaphrodite florets
truncated, penicilate. Achaenia of the disk compressed,
often ciliate on the edges.—Herbaceous a n n u a ls
with opposite leaves, peduncles 1-cephalous. Capitula
ovate or conical. Involucre adpressed, 2 series, shorter
than the disk, exterior ones foliaceous. Flowers yellow.
Plants usually pungent sialagoges. Common weeds,
especially in shady places and in alpine or sub-alpine
pastures.
61. Ximensia (Cav. D. C. 5-627). Capitula many-
flowered, heterogamous; florets of the ray female, ligulate,
1 series; of the disk hermaphrodite, tubular, 5-
toothed. Tube of the corolla hispid. Branches of the
disk styles appendiculate at the apex. Achsenia compressed,
winged, deeply emarginate, subpilose, biar-
istate; aristae cohering with the sides of the wings.—
Herbaceous annuals with opposite or alternate, dentate
leaves. Petioles winged and auricled at the base.
Capitula loosely corymbose. Receptacle convex, paleaceous.
Paleae membranaceous, lanceolate. Flowers
yellow. [D. C. seems not to regard this as an Indian
genus: but as I have, apparently, native specimens,
which may however have been introduced, I give it
a place in this list.] Palamcotta.
62. Chrysanthellum (Rich. D. C. 5-630). Capitula
radiate, ligulæ 1 series, female, linear, bidentate ; disk
hermaphrodite, 5-toothed. Branches of the style in the
hermaphrodite florets appendiculate. Achænia bald,
exterior ones oblong, emarginate or with a short cartilaginous
wing on each side.—Herbaceous annuals:
branches 1-cephalous at the apex. Capitula small.
Involucre 2 series, scales of the exterior ones shorter,
interior 10, somewhat coloured. Receptacle flat, with
linear paleæ. Flowers yellow. Sukanugur.
63. Glossocardia (Cass. D. C. 5-631, R. W. Icon.
1110). Capitula few-flowered, florets of the ray 1-2 or 0, female ; of the disk hermaphrodite, tubular, 4-toothed.
Achænia of the disk obcompressed, very villous on the
4 angles, somewhat 2-winged, crowned with 2 rigid,
smooth bristles from the lateral angles.—Herbaceous,
diffuse plants with alternate pinnatifid leaves. Involucre
oblong, imbricated. Receptacle covered with narrow,
membranaceous paleæ. Capitula short peduncled :
flowers yellow. A small weed common on pastures
and waste grounds. Frequent in Coimbatore.
64. Glossogyne (Cass. D. C. 5-632). Capitula heterogamous,
florets of the ray ligulate, female ; of the disk,
hermaphrodite. Styles of the hermaphrodite short,
elongated into two long, rough stigmas. Achænia linear,
angled, bearing two retrorsely hispid bristles.—Erect,
glabrous herbs, with alternate, pinnatifid leaves congested
near the base; stems nearly naked. Capitula
erect, ebracteolate. Involucre short, adpressed, 2 series.
Receptacle paleolate. Flowers yellow. In arid jungles
under the shelter of stunted shrubbery, rather extensively
diftizsed over the Peninsula.
Sub-tribe. F laveriee. Capitula heterogamous, one-
or few-flowered, densely aggregated, female flowers sometimes
solitary, sometimes in several series, or homogamous,
mixed with former. Achænia bald. Receptacle in the
few-flowered capitula epaleate, in the many-flowered ones,
paleaceous.
65. Enhydra (Lour. D. C. 5-636). Capitula heterogamous,
all the florets wrapped in a folded palea ; exterior
ones many series, female ; interior hermaphrodite,
sterile ; tube of the ray florets filiform, of the disk sub-
conical; limb of the ray sub-ligulate 3-4-cleft, of the
disk 5-cleft. Stigmas exserted, revolute, rough towards
the apex. Achænia bald, erostrate, altogether wrapped
in the palea.—Aquatic, rooting, opposite-leaved herbs,
with axillary capitula. Receptacle small, flatfish. Paleæ
as if 2-valved, connivent Involucre 4-leaved, two opposite,
larger. Flowers white. Bengal, Java, Cochin
China.
Sub-tribe. T agetinee. Capitula heterogamous with
female ray florets, or homogamous discoid. Involucre
usually one series or gamophyllus. Receptacle epaleaceous.
Achcenia erostrate attenuated at the base. Pappus aristate
rarely bristled. Leaves opposite and with the involucre
pellucedo-glandulose. [To this sub-tribe the common
French Marigold belongs.]
Div. II. P orophyllee. Capitula discoid, corolla o f
the disk unequally deft. Branches o f the style prolonged,
subulate. Pappus setose, several series.
66. P orophyllum (Vaill. D. C. Prod. 5-647). Capitula
many-flowered, homogamous. Corolla regular, 5-6-