leaves. Capitula terminal or axillary. Involucre imbricated,
scales more or less pungent. Receptacle fim-
briliferous. Flowers purple or white. Himalayas, V. S.
ex Herb. Munro.
107. E chenais (Cass. D. C. 6-660). Differs from the
preceding, in the achaenia being striated and the pappus
double; the exterior setae short, the interior long, dilated
at the apex into a flattened, nail-like, membranaceous
disk.—Erect, herbaceous plants: capitula nodding: flowers
white. Himalayas.
108. L appa (Toum. D. C. Prod. 6-661). Capitula
homogamous, equal-flowered. Corolla regular, 5-cleft,
tube 10-nerved. Filaments papillose; anthers prolonged
into filiform appendices. Stigmas diverging. Achaenia
oblong, compressed, transversely rugous. Pappus
many series, short—-Herbs, with petioled, cordate leaves,
and terminal, corymbose capitula. Involucre globose,
imbricated. Scales hooked at the point Corolla purple,
varying to white. Himalayas.
Sub-tribe. S e r ra tu l ea:. Capitula many-flowered, in-
volucra many series. Scales scarcely spined. Flowers
hermaphrodite or dioicous. Corolla 5-cleft. Filaments
papillose or pilose. Anthers ecaudate. Achcenia glabrous.
Pappus pilose or feathery.
109. Serratula (D. C. 6-667). Capitula usually
homogamous, sometimes, by abortion, 1-sexual, or the
ray female. Corolla 5-cleft, sub-irregular. Filaments
pilose. Stigmas diverging. Achaenia oblong, compressed,
hilum oblique. Pappus unequal, hairs many series;
rough, not annulate.—Unarmed or prickly herbs. Involucre
ovate, scales imbricated, the exterior ones
shorter, spinulose; interior long, scariose at the apex.
Receptacle fimbrillate. Corolla purple or white, never
yellow. Himalayas, Cochin China.
110. J urinea (Cass. D. C. 6-673). Capitula homogamous.
Corolla longer than the involucre. Stigmas
distinct. Achaenia obpyramidal, 4-sided, with an api-
cular areola, afterwards growing into deciduous shield,
bearing the pappus. Pappus rising within a minute,
calyciform margin, thick, unequal, barbellate.—Herbaceous
perennials, leaves white, tomentose beneath. Involucre
sub-globose or cylindrical," scales imbricated,
unarmed, adpressed. Fimbrillae of the receptacle cleft
into linear bristles. Flowers purple. Himalayas.
LA B IA T IF L ORÆ.
Tribe VI. Mu t is ia c eæ .
Sub-tribe. M u t is ieæ . Capitula very rarely 1 -flowered,
usually 1 series o f females in the margin, the rest hermaphrodite.
Style thick, branches exteriorly very convex in
the hermaphrodite ones; the exterior as well as the superior
part o f the style puberulous or glabrous. Pollen often
slightly elliptic. Shrubs or large herbs, with large, handsome
capitula.
at the base. Stigmas exserted, obtuse, glabrous, often
by abortion, unequal, acute, or one altogether abortive!
Achænia terete, villous, erostrate. Pappus 1 series
setæ elegantly plumose.—Herbaceous perennials ; stems
erect, simple. Involucre cylindrical, scales lanceolate,
acuminated, imbricate. Receptacle naked. Flowers
purple. [This genus is dedicated to the late Dr. White-
law Ainslie, of Madras, an honour well merited in
return for his most valuable Materia Medica of Hin-
doostan.] Himalayas.
112. Ger b e r a (Gron. Linn. D. C. Prod. 7-15). Capitula
many-flowered, heterogamous ; ray florets 1 series, ligu-
liform. Corolla bilabiate, exterior lip 3-toothed, elongated
Div. II. E um u t isieæ. Anthers caudate.
111. A in sl iæ a (D. C. 7-13). Capitula 3-flowered,
homogamous. Corolla tubular, bilabiate, exterior lip 3-
interior 2-cleft. Anthers appendiculate, with long spurs
in the ray; interior bidentate in the disk, bipartite
in the ray, of the ray cirriform. Anthers glabrous in the
disk, wanting in the ray. Achænia more or less rostrate.
Pappus 2 series, setoso-paleaceous, serrated,
equal.—Perennial herbs; scapes 1-cephalous. Involucre
scales adpressed, oblong, receptacle naked. Flowers
yellow or reddish, pappus reddish. Himalayas.
113. O r e o s e r is , (D. C. 7-17). Capitula heterogamous,
radiate-like; marginal florets female; disk hermaphrodite.
Corolla bilabiate, 2-3-cleft. Exterior lip
of the ray ligulate, 3-cleft. Anthers long-spurred, spurs
lacerated at the point. Style tumid at the base, branches
short, obtuse. Achænia oblong, puberulous. Pappus 2
series, setæ serrated, equal.—Herbs: radical leaves
lyrate or pinnatifid, tomentose beneath. Scape 1-cephalous.
Involucre two or more series, scales acuminated.
Receptacle naked. Flowers yellow. Himalayas^
114. B orn iera (D. C. Prod. 7-18). Capitula many-
and equal-flowered, homogamous. Corolla bilabiate;
exterior lip 3-dentaté,'erect ; interior, bidentate, revolute.
Anthers surmounted by long, lanceolate, acuminate appendages,
spur bearded at the point. Achænia elongated,
shortly beaked. Pappus several series, bristles
rigid.—Perennial, stemless herbs; leaves long, petioled,
sagittato-cordate ; scapes 1-cephalous. Involucre sub-
campanulate, 2 -3 series. Receptacle naked, alveolate.
Corolla purplish. Himalayas.
115. L eucomeris (Don. D. C. 7-25). Capitula 4-6-
flowered, homogamous. Corolla tubular, 5-cleft, lobes
linear, sub-callous at the apex. Anthers elongated,
caudas plumose. Style bulbüs at the base, scarcely exserted
; branches short, obtuse, glabrous. Achænia
covered with silky villi surrounding the apex, like caly-
cled pappus. Pappus several sériés, rough, rigid.—
Shrubs or herbs: leaves alternate, tomentose beneath.
Capitula corymbosely fascicled. Involucre glabrous,
cylindrical, imbricated. Receptacle naked. Corolla
purplish : anthers white. Himalayas.
116. D icoma (Less. D. C. 7-35, R. W. leones 1140).
Capitula homogamous or heterogamous. Corolla of the
disk regular, 5-parted ; of the ray, in heterogamous capitula,
neuter, ligulate, bilabiate or roundish tubulate.
Anthers long, caudate, caudæ bearded. Branches of
the style short, erect, obtuse, hispidulous at the apex.
Achænia turbinate, often 10-ribbed. Pappus two or
more series.—Suffruticose or herbaceous. Leaves alternate.
Capitula solitary. Involucre campanulate.
Scales obsoletely many-nerved, sometimes pungent.
Receptacle alveolate. Flowers white or purple. Peninsula.
Common in the Coimbatore district, in arid,
gravelly soils.
L IG VLIFL ORJE.
Tribe VIII. Cichoracea:.
Sub-tribe. III. H yoserideas. Receptacle epaleaceous.
Pappus crown-like or many palece.
117. C ichorium (Toum. D. C. Prod. 7-83). Capitula
many- or several-flowered. Achaenia obovate, subcompressed,
striated, glabrous. Pappus consisting of
1-2 series of numerous, short, obtuse squamellae.—
Erect, ramous herbs. Capitula sessile in the axils of
the upper leaves or terminal. Involucre double, exterior
short, about 5 leaves, interior long, about 8-10-
leaved. Receptacle flattish, epaleaceous. Flowers
light blue. Plant bitter, becoming edible by cultivation.
Himalayas, Patna.
Sub-tribe. VI. S corzo n ere je . Receptacle epaleaceous
; pappus paleolate, paleola rough or plumose.
118. T ragopogon (Toum. D. C. 7-112). Capitula
many-flowered; florets of the ray often radiant. Achaenia
with a lateral areola, more or less muricated, long
beaked. Pappus plumose, five of the saeta longer and
naked at the apex.—Biennials or perennials; roots thick,
lactescent; stems herbaceous, erect. Capitula terminal.
Involucre 1 series. Receptacle epaleaceous, foviolate.
Himalayas.
119. S cozonera (D.C. Prod. 7-117). Capitula many-
flowered. Achaania estipitate, beakless, with a lateral
areola. Pappus many series, plumose or rarely rough.
—Herbs; roots fusiform or tuberous. Leaves usually
quite entire, rarely dentate, or pinnatifid. Stem simple,
1-cephalous. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked.
Flowers purple, or oftener yellow, with the ligulaa of
the same colour, or purple. Himalayas.
120. P ic r is (Juss. D. C. 7-128, R. W. Icon. 1148).
Capitula many-flowered. Achaenia terete, attenuated
at both ends, rugulose with a terminal areola, beak
none of short. Pappus of the disk plumose, 2 series,
exterior shortest.—Herbaceous plants. Capitula pe-
duncled. Involucre 2 series. Receptacle naked. Alpine
plants, Himalayas, Neilgherries.
Sub-tribe. VII. L a ctucea:. Receptacle epaleaceous
or rarely paleaceous. Pappus hair-like, fugaceous, soft,
silvery white.
121. L actuca (Toum. D. C. 7-133). Capitula few-
or many-flowered. Achaenia compressed, wingless,
abruptly terminating in a filiform beak.—Herbaceous.
Capitula paniculate. Involucre cylindrical, calyculate-
ly imbricated, 2 -4 series. Receptacle naked. [The
essential distinction of this genus is the filiform beak of
the achaenia, which is most marked in the common
garden lettuce, but does not exist in either L . glabra
or L. Heyneana, the only two Indian species I have
examined. The former of these seems to associate
better with Microrhynchus; the latter with Brachyram-
praus.] Himalayas. The Coromandel species do not
belong to the genus, hence it is not a Peninsular genus,
at least so far as I am aware.
122. T araxacum (Haller. D. C. Prod. 7-146). Capitula
many-flowered. Achaenia oblong, striated, muricated
along the ribs or spinellose at the apex, prolonged
into a long beak. Pappus pilose, many series, very
white.—Stemless, perennial herbs; leaves all radical.
Scapes usually piped, 1-cephalous. Involucre double,
exterior scales small, interior 1 series, comulate at the
point. Receptacle naked. Flowers yellow, exterior
ligulee often reddish. Himalayas, Oude.
123. I x e r is (Cass. D. C. 7-151). Capitula many-
flowered. Achaenia oblong, acutely 10-costate, beaked.
Pappus pilose, 1 series.—Herbaceous. Stems naked at
the apex, corymbose. Involucre ovate, 1 series, with
3 -5 calyculate scales. Receptacle naked. [This genus,
so far as I can leam from written characters, is not
distinct from Lactuca, L . saliva, being apparently about
as justly referable to the one as the other.] Himalayas.
124. B rachyramfhus (D. C. 7-176, R. W. leones
1146). Capitula 10-15-flowered. Achaenia oblong,
muricate, suddenly attenuated into a short beak, neither
angled nor costate. Pappus many series.—Herbaceous;
capitula racemosely spicate. Involucre oblong,
imbricated, the scales scariose on the margin. Receptacle
naked. A common weed—often mistaken for
some kind of Swine thistle.
125. Microrhynchus (Less. D. C. 7-180, R. W.
Icon. 1145). Capitula several-flowered. Achasnia 4,
rarely 5-angled, sub-rostrate at maturity; beak wanting
in the ovary. Costae thick, sub-rugose. Pappus
pilose.—Herbaceous perennials. Involucre cylindrical,
calyculate, imbricate at the base. Receptacle naked.
Flowers yellow. Widely diffused, humble plants, extending
from the sea beach to the highest peak of
Dodabet.
126. S onchus (Cass. D. C. 7-184, R. W . Ic. 1141-42).
Capitula many-flowered. Achaenia wingless, compressed,
erostrate, longitudinally costulate. Costulas often
transversely tuberculato-muricate. Pappus soft, most
slenderly filiform.—Herbaceous, polymorphous plants.
Involucre imbricated. Receptacle naked. Flowers
yellow. Every where.
127. Y oungia (Cass. D. C. 7-192, R. W. Icon. 1147).
Capitula about 12-flowered. Corolla pilose at the apex
of the tube. Achaenia oblong, compressed, sub-trigonous,
striated, beakless, attenuated at both ends. Pappus
pilose* scarcely denticulate.—Herbaceous plants;
inferior leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. Capitula paniculate.
Involucre cylindrical, 8-leaved, with about 5 calyculate,
accessory scales. Receptacle naked. [D. C. considers
this a good genus, but adds that all the species require
to be re-examined.] A common weed, growing in
waste ground among rubbish, &c.
128. P r en a n th e s (Cass. D. C. 7-194). Capitula 3-5-
flowered. Style exserted. Achasnia attenuated at the
base, sub-cylindrical or sub-pentagonal, truncated. Pappus
many series, pilose, rigid.—Herbs with entire or
dentate leaves. Capitula racemose or paniculate, drooping.
Involucre 4-6-leaved, cylindrical, calyculate at
the base. Flowers purple. Himalayas, Java.
L