86. Emilia (Cass. D.C. 6-301, R. W . Icon. 1123). Capitula
homogamous, discoid; florets 5-lobed. Branches of
the style ending in a cone. Achænia oblong, pentagonal,
angles ciliate, hispid. Pappus several series, filiform,
scarcely barbellate.—Herbs, with few sub-corymbose,
pediceUed capitula. Involucre cylindrical, 1 series,
ecalyculate. Flowers reddish, purple, or orange coloured.
Widely diffused, common all over the Peninsula.
87. Ligularia (Cass. D. C. 6-313). Capitula radiate ;
ray l series, ligulate, female, often bi-ligulate, or retaining
rudiments of the stamens. Branches of the styles
of the disk obtuse, clothed with long, descending pubescence.
Achænia beakless, sulcated, terete. Pappus
uniform, pilose, many series.—Herbaceous plants. Capitula
large, yellow, arranged in racemes or thyrses, or
solitary: involucre campanulate, 1 series. Receptacle
naked. Himalayas.
88. Doronicum (Lin. D. C. 6-320, R. W. Icon. 1124
to 29-1151). Capitula radiate, heterogamous ; ray florets
1 series, ligulate, female, or sterile by abortion; disk
hermaphrodite. Achænia beakless, oblong, turbinate,
furrowed; of the ray bald, of the disk pappose. Pappus
setaceous, several series.—Herbaceous plants, with
solitary or several capitula. Involucre few series, scales
linear. Receptacle convex, ebracteolate. [Almost the
only distinction between this genus and Senecjp consists
in the marginal florets ; in this having no pappus, in that
being furnished with pappus similar to those of the
disk.] Alpine plants, Himalayas, Khassia Mountains,
Neilgherries, Ceylon, &c.
89. Madacarpus (R. W. Calcutta Journal, leones
1152). Capitula radiate heterogamous; ray florets 1
series, ligulate, sterile ; disk ones numerous, hermaphrodite.
Achænia beakless, oblong, furrowed, hairy, without
pappus.—Herbaceous plants. Capitula corymbose.
Involucre campanulate, 1 series, scales linear, lanceolate,
mucronate. Receptacle convex, foveolate. Corolla
sub-infundibuliform. Costæ of the achænia hispid.
Neilgherries.
90. S en e c io (Less. D. C. Prod. 6-341, R. W. Icon.
1130 to 36). Capitula homogamous, discoid, or heterogamous,
radiate; florets of the ray ligulate, female.
Branches of the style of the hermaphrodite florets truncated,
the point only penicillate. Achænia beakless,
terete or angularly furrowed. Pappus pilose, several
series, caducous.—Herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes
climbing plants, with solitary or corymbose inflorescence.
Involucre one series, sometimes naked
sometimes calyculate with accessory squamellæ, often
with the points of the scales sphacellate. Receptacle
naked, alveolate. [D. C.’s list of -species of this genus
exceeds 600. It is therefore by much the largest genus
of the vegetable kingdom.]—Every where, but in India
nearly confined to alpine tracts.
91. N otonia (D. C. 6-44, R. W. Icon. 4$4). Capitula
discoid, homogamous ; florets 5-toothed. Branches
of the style ending in a short, hispid cone. Achænia
terete, many, striated, glabrous. Pappus many series,
setae filiform, barbellate.—Shrubby, succulent plants
with corymbose, few-headed inflorescence. Capitula,
as compared with the above genera, large. Involucre
cylindrical, 1 series, ecalyculate, the peduncle furnished
with a few bracteaceous scales. Receptacle alveolate,
naked or slightly fimbriliferous. Flowers longer than
the involucre, pale yellow or cream coloured. Found
all over the Peninsula, from the level of the sea to
Dodabella on the Neilgherries.
92. M adaractis (D. C. 6-439). I exclude this genus
as being identical with Doronicum, and all its species
previously described under that name. M. pinatifida is
D. Candolianum—M. scabra, is D. Lessingianum—M.
polycephala, D. Amottii—M. glabra, D. Wightii. The
distinctive characters of the two genera are, that in
Doronicum the ray florets are female, in Madaractis
neuter. In the character above given, I have combined
them thus: “ray florets 1 series, female, or sterile by
abortion.”
Tribe V. C tnareje.
Sub-tribe. E ch in o psid e« . Capitula sessile, one-flowered,
aggregated into a globose glomorulus, with numerous
involucral foliola, articulated on a globose, common
receptacle.
93. E ch inops (Lin. D. C. 6-522). Capitula numerous,
aggregated on a naked, globose, receptacle, the
centre one opening first Corolla tubular, 5-cleft
Anthers ecaudate. Achaenia cylindrical, silky, villous.
Pappus short, crown-like, the hairs somewhat fimbri-
cated.—Erect, prickly plants. Glomerulus sphaerical.
Capitula inserted on a circular, homy, areola. Partial
involucre 3 series. The interior scales the longest,
linear, acuminated, carinate. Flowers blue or white.
Widely diffused, extending from the Himalayas to Cape
Comorin and Ceylon.
Sub-tribe. Ca r l in e « . Capitula many-flowered, never
dioicous. Scales o f the involucre many series, distinct,
often spinous. Hermaphrodite corolla, 5-cleft, female or
sterile, deformed. Filaments free, naked. Anthers usually
furnished with a long, bearded\ cauda. Achcenia usually
villous. Pappus 1-2 series, pilose, or plumose, rarely
ramose.
94. Saussurea, (D. C. 6-531). Capitula homogamous.
Corolla slender, throat ventricose. Anthers ending
in long appendices with 2 ciliate bristles at the
base. Stigmata long, diverging, continuous with the
style. Achaenia glabrous. Pappus usually double,
paleae of the exterior sub-filiform, rough, sometimes
wanting, interior long, plumose, concreted at the base
into a deciduous ring. Herbs with entire leaves. Capitula
usually corymbose. Involucre many series. Receptacle
fimbrillate or paleaceous, palea persistent.
Corolla purple or white, never yellow. Himalayas.
95. Aplo ta x is (D. C. .6-538). Similar to Saussurea,
except that the pappus is one series, plumose^[Surely
this is an unnecessary refinement, especially as it is said
of the exterior series of Saussureae, “raro exler. deficiente
nullusf and Captain Munro, from whom I have a specimen
collected by himself, informs me, that Ap. gossipina
“is an undoubted Saussurea.” Himalayas, Bengal.
96. D olomijea (D. C. 6-542). Capitula homogamous.
Corolla slender, dilated at the base. Anthers appendi-
culate and caudate at the base; caudae intorted, ciliate.
Style thickened at the apex, ovarium glabrous, somewhat
4-sided. Pappus long, violaceous, bristles rough,
concreted into a ring at the base.—A herbaceous, unarmed
plant, radicle leaves pinnatifid. Capitula short,
peduncled, aggregated into an irregular head. Involucre
ovate, many series, squamae acuminate. Receptacle
flat, covered with fimbrillae forming alveolae.
Corolla purple, an inch long. Himalayas.
Sub-tribe. C en ta u r ie « . Capitula many flowered, discoid;
florets o f the circumference often stenle, enlarged or
irregular. Filaments of the stamens free. Achcenia fu rnished
with an areola, more or less distinctly lateral.
Pappus pilose or paleaceous, never featheiy, sometimes
wanting, at least in the circumference.
97. A mberboa (Isnard, D. C. 6-558, R. W. Icon.
479). Capitula several-flowered, heterogamous; marginal
florets larger, sterile. Achaenia compressed or
turbinate, tetragonal, with a lateral or basilar areola.
Pappus paleaceous, paleae ob ovate, spatulate.—-Herbaceous
plants. Involucre many series, scales various,
rarely spinescent. Flowers blue, or reddish purple.
Ceded Districts, Mysore, Coimbatore, Himalayas, Bengal.
98. Microlonchus (D. C. 6-562). Capitula many-
flowered, florets of the ray neuter, more or less enlarged.
Filaments pappillose; anthem ecaudate. Achaenia
compressed with a lateral areola. Pappus double, interior
unilateral, broad at the base, acuminate at the
apex, about the length of the exterior pappus.—Perennial,
glabrous herbs. Floriferous branches naked, 1-
cephalous. Involucre ovate, scales adpressed, coriaceous,
with a short, reflexed, deciduous apex, or produced
into a long, spine-like appendage. Flowers purple, or
white, or yellowish. Himalayas.
99. T r ic h o l e p is (D. C. 6-563, R. W. Icon. 1139).
Capitula homogamous. Corolla sub-regular, 5-fid. Achas-
nia with a lateral areola, crowned at the apex with a
circular margin. Pappus setaceous, concrete at the
base, or paleaceous, not concrete, or wanting.—Herbaceous
plants; capitula ebracteolate. Involucre many
series, scales linear, setaceous, recurved at the points.
Receptacle fimbriliferous. Himalayas, Ceded Districts,
Mysore, Coimbatore.
100. Cen ta u r ea (Less. D. C. 6-565). Capitula many-
flowered, heterogamous; usually radiate-like. Corolla
of the ray usually sterile, dilated, 5-cleft, rarely hermaphrodite
or not exceeding the disk. Filaments papillose,
anthers ecaudate. Achaenia compressed, having a
lateral areola near the base. Pappus several series,
rough, the inner ones smaller.—Herbaceous plants,
beales of the involucre various, appendiculate or ex-
appendiculate, muticous or spinous. A large and polymorphous
genus, abundant in Europe, and well known
under the name of Corn-flower. Though occasionally
met with in com fields, scarcely an Indian genus.
Sub-tribe. C a rthame« . Capitula many flowered, homogamous,
or rarely the exterior florets sterile. Involucre
many series, exterior scales bract-like. Filaments bearded
on the middle. Achcenia glabrous, 4-angled, with a
lateral areola. Pappus none or paleaceous, rarely pilose.
r 191- Kentrophyllum (Neek. D. C. Prod. 6-610).
u k i homogamous, many- and equal-flowered. Corolla
5-cleft, regular, sometimes a few of the ray florets
«erne, filiform. Filaments hispid in the middle from a
tuft of hair; appendix of the anthers obtuse, stigma
concrete. Achaenia thick, obovate, sub-tetragonal, den-
ticulato-crenate at the apex. Pappus on the marginal
florets wanting; in the rest paleaceous, several series,
the exterior ones membranaceous, ciliate on the margin,
the inner ones shorter.—Erect, herbaceous, poly-cepha-
lous _ annuals, with stem-clasping leaves. Capitula
terminal. Involucre several series, exterior ones folia-
ceous, lobed, spinous; interior acuminato-spinous. Receptacle
thick, fimbrillate. Flowers yellow, white or
purple. Upper Bengal, Banks of the Jumna.
102. Carthamus (Toum. D. C. 6-611). Capitula homogamous.
Corolla 5-cleft, tube enlarged above the
disk. Stigmata scarcely distinct. Achaenia obovate
tetragonal, glabrous, smooth. Pappus wanting.—Herbaceous
plants. Involucre several series, exterior folia-
ceous, middle ones with an ovate, spiny appendix •
interior acuminate, pungent. Receptacle loaded with
linear fimbrillae.^ Flowers yellow or orange coloured.
Moluccas. Cultivated in the Peninsula.
103 O nobroma (D. C. 6-613). Capitula many-flowered,
exterior neuter. Corolla equally 5-cleft. Filaments
glabrous, anthers appendiculate. Achaenia sub-
tetragonous, marginal ones bald, exterior pappiferous.
Pappus many series of linear paleolaj.—Herbaceous
erect, spiny annuals. Capitula terminal Involucre
imbricated. Scales spinoso-acuminate. Receptacle
fimbriliferous. West of India? but as yet doubtfully
an Indian genus. 3
Sub-tribe. Ca rd u in e« . Capitula many- and equal-
flowered, all hermaphrodite or dioicous. Involucre many
series. Scales often spirwus. Corolla 5-deft. Filaments
papillose or glabrous. Achcenia glabrous, with a terminal
areola. Pappus pilose or featheiy, concreted into a ring
at the base. b
104. Carduus (Gaert. D. C. Prod. 6-621). Capitula
equal-flowered. Corolla 5-cleft, tube short. Filaments
pilose. Stigmas concrete. Achaenia sub-compressed
with a terminal, not lateral areola. Pappus many series,
filiform, scabrous, concreted into a ring at the base.—
Erect herbs, with decurrent, often spinose leaves. Capitula
erect, often pendulous after flowering. Involucre
imbricated. Scales usually spinose at the apex. Receptacle
fimbriliferous. Flowers purple, or varying to
white. Choor—I can find no account of the species.
105. Cirsium (Toum. D. C. 6-634, R. W. Icon.
1137). Capitula homogamous, hermaphrodite, or dioicous.
Tube of the corolla short, throat oblong, 5-cleft.
Anthers ecaudate. Stigmas concreted. Achamia oblong,
compressed, glabrous, membranaceous, ecostate,
with a fleshy, terminal areola.—Herbaceous, thistle-like
plants. Involucre imbricated, scales more or less prickly
pointed. Receptacle fimbriliferous. Flowers purple
or yellow. Alpine plants in India. Neilgherries, Pul-
neys, abundant, Himalayas.
106. C ham« peu c e (Pr. Alp. D. C. 6-657). Capitula
homogamous. Corolla 5-cleft, equal or subringent Filaments
plumose or hairy. Anthers with an oblong,
acute appendiculus, and long, lacerated cauda. Stigmas
scarcely free at the point. Achaania obovate, with a
hard testa. Setae of the pappus plumose, one or several
series.—Suffruticose or herbaceous plants, with prickly