CEDRUS LIBANI
i (ed. princeps, 1469).
IDENTIFICATION.—PN 2 Sam. v. 11, and 2 Citron. ii. 8, et seq.
CEDRUS MAGNA s. CEDRELATE, Plinius, Hist. Nat., xiii. cap. 11,
Ktêpos Oavftaali cv Xvpla. Thcophr. Hist., v. cap. 8 (1513).
ALTA CEDRUS, Belon, Conif., p. 3 (1553).
CEDRUS, Belon, Conif., p. 162 (1553); Trew in Nov. Act Phys. Med. Acad. Casar. Leop. Carol. Norimbergtte, vol. i. pp.
409-437 ('757), '1 vol. iii., App„ p. 445 (1767) ; Trew, Ccdrorum Libani Hist. (1756 and 1767).
CEDRUS PHOENICEA, Reneaulm. Specim., p. 27 (1611).
CEDRUS MAGNA SIVE LIBANI CONIFERA, J. Bauhin, Hist., i. p. 277 (1650).
CEDRUS CONIFERI FOLIIS LARICIS, C. Bauhin, Pinax, p. 490 (1671).
LARIX ORIENTALIS FRUCTU ROTUNDIORE OBTUSO, Tourner., Instil., p. 586(1700).
CEDRUS LIBANI, Barrelier, Ic„ p. 499 (1714) ; Loudon, Arboret. Brit., iv. p. 2402 (1838) ; Forbes, Pinet. IVobum., p. 145
(1839) ; Loudon, Encycl. of Trees, p. 1056 (1842) ; Spach, Hist. Nat. Veg. P/ianer., xi. p. 427 (1842) ; Link, A bid. Hort.
Reg. Bot. Berol, in Linnaa, xv. p. 538 (1841) ; De Chambr., Trait. Prat, des Arbres Resin., p. 308 (1845); Loiseleur
Deslongchamps, Hist, du Cèdre du Liban, in Ann. Agr. Franc., 3rd Ser., xix. p. 358 (1837), and xx. p. 65 (1837) ; Knight,
Syn. Conif, p. 42 (1850) ; Robinson's Biblical Researches, iii. p. 598 (1855) ; Carrière, Traité des Conif., p. 283 (1855) ;
Gordon, Pindum, p. 43 (1858) ; Hooker in Nat. Hist. Rev., p. 1 (1862) ; Balfour, Plants of the liible, p. 7 (1857) : Dunn,
Nat. Hist, of the Bible (1S65) ; Tristram, Land of Israel, p. 624 (1865) ; Henkel and Hochsletter, Synops. d. Nadelhölzer,
p. 144 (1865); Veitch. Manual of Conifers:, p. 137 (1881).
LARIX CEDRUS, Miller, Did., No. 3 (1724) ; Desfontaine, Hist. Arbr., ii. p. 597 (1809).
PINUS CEDRUS, Linn., Spec., p. 1420 (1774) ; Lambert, Genus Pinus, eel I, i. p. 58 (1803), ed. 2, ii. p. 89 (1828) ; Antoine,
Conif, p. 55 (1840-46) ; Endlicher, Syn. Conif, p. 136 (1847) ; Pariatore in D. C. Prod., xvi. 2, p. 407 (1868).
ABIES CEDRUS, Poiret, Did., vi. p. 510 (1S04); Loiseleur, Nouv. Duhamel., v. p. 287 (1801-1819) ; Richard, Conif, p. 62
(1826) ; Lindley in Penny Cyclopedia, i. p. 33 (1833) ; Lindley and Gordon, Joum. Ilort. Soc., v. p. 214 (1850).
LARIX PATULA, Salisbury in Linn. Trans., viii. p. 314 (1837).
CEDRUS PATULA, Koch, Dendrologie, vol. ii. p. 268 (1873).
ENGRAVINGS—Cones and Leaves.—Belon, op. cil; Trew, op. cit., 1756, t 8 et 9, and 1767, t. 13, f. 1-7 ; Loiseleur Deslongchamps, op. cit., Loudon,
Arboretum, loc. cit., iv. f. 2267, and viii. pi. 396 and 399; Loudon, Encycl., loc. cit., fig. 1974; Lambert, Genus Pinus,
ed. i, loc. cit., t. 37, ed. 2, loc. dt., t. 51 ; Antoine, Conif, loc. cit., t. 22, fig. 1 ; Richard, op. cit., t. 14 et 17.
Trees.—Belon, op. cit., pp. 360 and 370; Kennyon's Essay on Trees, p. xlv. (1815) ; Strutt's Sylva Britannùa (1826); Loiseleur
Deslongchamps, op. eil.; Loudon, Arboretum, iv. loc. cit., pp. 2404-2425, figs. 2268-2282, and viii. pl. 396-400; Balfour,
loc. cit. ; Dunn, loc. cit., cum multis aliis.
S p e c i f i c Character.—Cedrus sapius habitu tabulajformi, ramulis patulis, strobilis apice umbilicatis
seminum alis basi abrupte truncatim expansis. Habitat in Syria;, L i b a n i , A m a n a e , T a u r i montibus.
Description.—A large wide-spreading tree, of from 5 0 to 80 feet in height, subject to much variation
in habit, but normally with the branches tabularly disposed. The bark is greyish brown. The branchlets
a r e disposed in a flat, fan-like manner, and thickly covered with tufts of stiff leaves (fig. 1). Their colour
varies in different individuals, specimens of all shades occurring from yellowish to d a r k and bluish green,
v e r y g e n e r a l l y with a glaucous tinge. The leaves remain two y e a r s on the branch. The number of leaves
in a full-sized tuft is about 30, but fewer in smaller tufts. T h e y are clustered in whorls, and there is no
doubt that the tufted whorls are merely the leaves belonging to a bud or shoot whose growth is arrested,
and which, had it been produced, would have been disposed singly, as we see in the young terminal
branches whose growth is not arrested; or, as Loudon expresses it, the buds from which they spring
have the appearance of abortive shoots, which, instead of becoming branches, only produce a tuft of
leaves pressed closely together in a kind of whorl. These buds continue for several years in succession
to produce every spring a fresh tuft of leaves placed within those of the preceding y e a r ; and thus each bud