the summer months. Like ibex and other goats which live where avalanches
are constantly falling, and stones are dislodged from glacier moraines
at every movement, the tur is very indifferent to noises of all descriptions,
and relies for safety on the keenness of its senses of scent and vision.
2. T he W e st C adca s ian T ur— C a p r a caucäsica
Capra caucasica, Pallas, Acta Acad. Petrop. vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 273, p ill
xvÜA. xviiB. (1 783) ; Dinnik, Ann. M ag.,Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. x ix . p. 450,
pi. x iv . (1887) ; Büchner, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersbourg, v o L x x x v . No. 8, p. 16,
pi. ii. (1887) ; Menzbier, Proc. Zool. 1S9S1887, p. 6 18 ; Satunin, Zool.
Ja h rb . Syst. vol. ix . p. 3:1:1,(1896); Ward, Records o f Big Game, p. 227 (Ï896H
Mgoceros ammon, Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat, vol.: i. p. 221 ( 18 11 ) , nec
Capra ammon, Linn. 1766.
Capra severtzowi, Menzbier, P rcB Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 619.
Capra severzowi, Satunin, 'Zool. fa h rb . Syst. vol. ix. p. 3 12 (1896).
Plate X X L
Characters.B -B u ild heavy and massive) with the face short, and blunt,
the height at the shoulder being about 37^'inches,: Horns large and
massive in adult male, widely separated on the forehead, nearly quadrangular
in section ; the broad anterior surface bearing in its basal half low
flat ribs, and its terminal half bold knots or knobs ; from the skull the
horns diverge at an angle of about 45 degrees, and curve upwards, outwards,
and backwards nearly in the same plane, except near the tips, where they
are inclined somewhat inwards. In the young male they are shorter, with
knots along the whole length of the front surface. Beard confined to the
chin ; long and narrow in summer ; broader in winter, when in young males
it forms only a short fringe. Summer pelage short and close, of a uniform
bright chestnut-brown colour, with the lower lip, chin, the root of the
beard, the tip of the tail, and the front of the legs below the knees and hocks
-4k
WEST CAUCASIAN TUR.
P ublished, by Rowland/ Ward-Ltd/.