A B I E S
-PINUS ABIES, Linnzeus, Flor. Lafifon., p. 347 (1737) ; Flor. Suec., p. 789 (1745) ; Spec. Plant., p. 1421 (1763); Willdenow.
Baums, p. 221 (1796); Lambert, Genus Pinns, ed. r, p. 37 (1803); Wahlenberg, Flor. Lappon., p, 256 (1812); Flor. Carpal..
p. 312 (1814) ; Flor. Sua., p. 630 (1824) ; Lambert, Genus Pinus, ed. 2, i. p. 59 (1828) ; Gaudin, Flor. Helvet., vi. p. 191
(1S28) ; Koch, Synops. Flor. Germ., p. 769 (1837) ; Antoine, Com/., p. 90 (1840-46).
PINUS PICEA, Du Roi, Observ. Bot., p. 37 (1774); Endlicher, Syn. Con,/., p. ,,6 (1847); Lawson, Abielinae, p. ,6 (.851).
PINUS EXCELSA, De la Marek, Flor. Franc., ed. 1, ii. p. 202 (1793).
ABIES PICEA, Miller, Did., No. 3 (1731); Desfontaines, Hort., Paris, cd. 3 (1829); Spach. Hist. Nat. Vig. Phaner., xi. p.
405 (1842); De Chambray, Traité Prat. Arb. Ris. Coni/., p. 118 (1845).
PINUS CINEREA, Rohling, Deutscht. Flor., p. 376 (1796).
ABIES EXCELSA, De Candollc, Flor. Franc., iii. p. 275 (1805); Loisel, Nouv. Du/,am., v. p. 289 (1801-19); Desfontaines,
Hist. Arb., p. 5S0 (1809); Richard, Coni/., p. 69 (1826); Loudon, Arboretum, iv. p. 2293 (1838); Loudon. Encycl. 0/
Trees, p. 1026 (1842); Forbes. Pinet. Woher,t., p. 87 (1839) ; Schouw, in Annal. Sc. Nat., ser. 3, iii. p. 239(1845) ; Lindlcy
and Gordon, in Joum. Hort. Soc., v. p. 212 (1850); Knight, Syn. Coni/., p. 36 (1850); Gordon, Pinetum, p. 3 (1858), and
Supplement, p. 1 (1862); Henkel and Hochstetten Synop. d. Nadelhölzer, p. 194 (1865).
PICEA VULGARIS, Link, in Abhandl. der Bcrl. Acad. (1827), p. 180.
PICEA EXCELSA, Link, in Linttcea, xv. p. 517 (1841) ; Carrière, Traité Gén. des Coni/., p. 245 (1855) ; Orsted, Fr,lands-
Travexten i. Danm., p. 37 (1864).
We take the synonymy of most of the following antient authors and colloquial names on trust from Endlicher
ANTIENT NAMES—-EAA'TII 'H QHAEI'A, Theophrastus, HÙI. Plant, iii. p. 10. PICEA, Plinius, Hist. Nat., xvi. p. 10;
Matthiol. Valg-ris, p. 107; Clusius, Hist., pi. 33. ABIES, Dodenaus Pempt, p, 863. PICEA
LATINORUM S., 'EAA'TH 'A'P'PIIT, J. Bauhin, Hist., i. pp. 2. 238. PICEA MAJOR PRIMA SIVE
ABIES RUBRA, C. Bauhin, Pin., p. 493. ABIES TENUIORE FOLIO PRUCTU DEORSUM INFLEXO, Tournefort.
Instil., p. 558. PINUS FOLIIS SUBULATIS MUCRONATIS L^VIBUS, BIFARIUM VERSIS, Gerard, Flora
Gallo-provincialis (1761).
COLLOQUIAL NAMES. English—FIR, SPRUCE FIR, COMMON SPRUCE, NORWAY SPRUCE. French—Vms*., EPICIA, PINESSE,
SERENTE. German—ROTHTANNE, SCHWARTZTANNE, FICHTE, FEOCHTANNE, PECHBAUM, GRAKBAUM,
KIENBAUM KIEFER. Dutch -DENNEBOOM. Swedish—ERAN. Slavonian— SMRFK. Hungarian
—SZEMERKE FENNYÖ, KKRESZTES FENNYÖ.
Var. CARPATHICA, Loudon, Arboretum, iv. p. 2294, etplerumque autorum subsequent, supra dial.
Var. NIGRA, Loudon, Arboretum, iv. p. 2294, etplerumque autorum subsequent, supra citat.
Var. CLANDRASILIANA, Loudon Arboretum, iv. p. 2294, etplerumque autorum subsequent, supra citat.
INCS. Leaves, Co,us, <SrV.-Clusius, Hist., pi. 33 ; Nov. Act. Act. N. Cur., p. 3, appx., t. ,4, figs. 5, ,0. and t. 16. figs. .-io; PauBi, Flor.
Danica, t. 193 ; Pallas, Ft. Ross., p. 1, t. 1, fig. G ; Wood, Med. Bot., t. 208 ; Lambert, Genus Pinus, cd, ., i. t. 25, ed. 2, i.
t. 35 : Loisel. Nouv. Duham.. t. 80; Kennion's Essay on Trees, pi. 48, fig. 46 ; Antoine (of. cit.), t 35. fig- 2; De Chambray
(op. cit.), pl. I, figs. 4, 5; Richard (op. cil), t. 15 ; Loudon, Arboretum, iv. figs. 2212, 2213, viii. pis. 336, 337, 338 ; Loudon,
Encycl. 0/ Trees, figs. 1922, 1923 ; Forbes (op. cit.), fig. 87 ; el multis aliis.
Var. NIGRA, Loudon, Arboretum, iv. fig. 2213, viii. pi. 3380.
Var. CLANBRASILIANA, Lodd. Cat., Loudon, Arboretum, fig. 2294.
Trees.—Loudon, Arboretum, iv. figs. 2214-2223, viii. pis. 336, 337, 338.
Specific Character, Abies foliis tetragonis stomatum lineis utraque parte et supra et subtus circa
quatuor, strobilis cylindricis nutantibus, squamis pergamineis rhombeis apice truncato excisis.
Habitat in Europa boreali.
[ H ] A Th(,