INDO-MALAYAN SPECIES
PLATU 93.—C. arniata, Spach. 1, branch with male spikes; 2, female si)ikes;
3, ripe fruit,—of natural size.
]-!. CASTAXOPSIS TKIBULOIDES, A. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot. I.
xvi. ii. 111.
182; Prod.
Young shoots and under surfaces of young leaves more or less covered with cinereous or
(in the varieties) ferruginous or rufous pubescence. Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or
(in var. 2) ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, or sometimes serrate towards the apex; tlie
base more or less acute; upper surface glabrous when adult; the lower pubescent, or
glabrous in very old leaves, paler or redder than the upper; nerves 10 to 13 pairs, thin
but prominent beneath; length of blade 3 to 5 in., breadth 1 to l-2o in. (much more in var.
lotiyispinai\ petiole from •25 in. to '5 in. Spikes longer than the leaves ; the male in terminal
or sub-tcruiiual panicles or fascicles, minutely tomentose; flowers glonierulate. Female,
spikes solitaiy, axillary; the flowers solitary. Ripo involucres from -5 in. to 1 in. in diameter,
ovoid, cinereous, (or in the vars.) feiTuginous or rufous-tomentose, ovoid, beai'ing ridge.'^
with numerous simple or branciiiag, slightly flattened, stout, spreading or curved, pubescent
spines, the apices of which are pale and glabrous. Kut single, from -4 in. to -75 in. long,
ovoid, pointed, adpressed-pufaescenfc when young, glabrous when ripe.—Hook. fil. Fl. Br.
Jnd. V. 622; Brandis For. Flora 490 (excl. syn. Q. armata, jRoxh.)-, Gamh. hid. Timh. 389.—
Q. trihuloides, Smith in Rees' Cycl. l^.— Castanea iribtdoidca, Lindl. in Wall. Pi. As. Ear.
ii. 6; Kurz For. Plora Bm-m. ii. 480; Wall. Cat. 2765.— $. armata, Don Prod. Fl.
Nepal 36 (not of Roxb.)—C. ferox, Spach. Hist. PI. Phan. si. 180; Miq. Aon. Mus. Lugd.
Bat. i. 119 (exclude syn. Q. armata, Roxb., from all the foregoing).—Casianca microcarpa,
Wall. Cat. 3735 (by error 2735).—i?. acxita, Herh. Ham.
Of this there are five distinguishable forms ;—
VAR. TYPICA.
Adult leaves entu-e; i^ubescence cinereous; spines numerous, long, slender, and
covering the walls of ths involucre; nuts usually solitary.— <2. trihuloides, Sni. Rees' Eucyc.—
Q. armata, Don (not of Roxb.) Prod. Fl. Nep. 56 (excl. syn. Q. armata,).—Castanea
tribuloides, Liiidl. in Wall. PI. As. Ear. ii. 6; Wall. Cat. 7nicrocarpa, Lindl. in
Wall. Cat. 3735 (by error 2735).
Himalaya, from Kuraaon to Sikkim, at elevations of 2,500 to 7,000 feet. Khasia and
Naga Hills in the Assam range, at elevations of 4,000 to 5,000 feet.
This is the only Casianopsis, except C. indica, which occurs in the Western and Central
Himalaya, but there it is very common. This variety is not so common in Sikkim and
Bhotan as the third. It occurs, however, in the Khasia Hills at the elevations indicated.
VAR. FEROX, King in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. v. 623.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, usually entire, but sometimes serrate near the
apex, especially when young; involucres larger than in the typical form; the spines
stouter but fewer; nuts 1 to 3.—C. ferox, Spach. Hist. Nat. Piian. xi. 180; Jliq. Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 119.- Q. ferox, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 639; Wight. Ic. 218.
At the base and on the lower slopes of the Eastern Himalaya, on the Assam and
Chittagong ranges, and in Upper Burmah, from 500 up to elevations cf 4,000 feet.
This is the true Q, ferox of Roxb., of wliich he left an admirable coloured drawing
in the Calcutta Herbarium.
OP CASTANOPSIS. 10 3
VAR, LONGISPIXA, King in Uoolc. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. v. 623.
Leaves larger and broader than in the last (from 6 to 8 in. long and from 2 to 3
ill. broad), lanceolate-ovate to elliptic-oblong, rufous-pubescent (often cinnamoneous) when
young or glabrous, beneath; spines of involucre stout, curving, often -o in. long; nuts 1
to Z.— Castanea trihidoides, A. DC., var. ferox, Kurz For. Flora Burmah ii. 480.
On the lower slopes of the Eastern Himalaya; on the Assam and Chittagong I'anges;
in Upper Burmah, from 500 up to elevations of 4,000 feet.
V.IE. EcniDSOCARPA, Kin() in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. 623.
Pubescence ferruginous; leaves sometimes sen-ate when young, elliptic-lanceolate, often
caudate; involucre smaller than in the typical form, and less covered by the spines, which
are fewer and shorter; nut solitary.—C. echidnocarpa, A. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot.
(1863) 182; Prod. xvi. ii. 112; Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. Ud.— Castanca echidnocarpa,
Hook. fil. and Thorns. IIS>B.—Qu.ercus? caudata., Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 2787; Griff. (4446
and 4447).
Sikkim-Himalaj-a ; Khasia, and other parts of the Assam Hills; at similar elevations
with the typical form; Upper B u r m a h ,—J . Anderson.
Castanopsis CJiinensis, Hance, a species found in China, comes very near this, but has
narrower, more acuminate, more glabrous leaves with fewer nerves.
V.ui. WATTII, King in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. v. 623.
Leaves as in the last; involucre small, thick, almost woocly, densely clothed with
short-branched, often rufous, spines; inner sm-face rufous-villous, dehiscing to the very
base ; imts 2 to 3.
Munipore, altitude 2,000 feet,— Watt; Khasia Hills (at Maobleh),—Clarke, 4 000 feet •
Sikkim,—Amr^, 5,500 feet.
PLATE 94.—C. trihuloides. A. DC. 1, flowering-branch; 2, sjnke of youn"- fruit-
3, spike of ripe fruit,—all of natural size.
PLATE 95.—C. tribuloides, A. DC., var. ferox. 1, leaf-twig; 2, spike with fruits in
various degrees of ripeness; 3, ripe fiiiit of var. lowjispina; 4, young fruit-spike of same •
0, leaf of same, —flii of naturai size.
PLATE 90.—C. trihuloides, A. DC., var. echidnocarpa. 1, branch with male spikes,—
of natural size; 2, part of the same: enlarged; 3, spike of ripe fruit,—o/ natural size •
4, fruit of var. Wattii,—of natural size.
15. CASTANOPSIS SUMATRAXA, A. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot. forl^QZ, 182; Prod. xvi. ii. 113.
Young shoots scantily and deciduously puberulous; all other parts, except the
inflorescence, glabrous Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate
rarely elliptic-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, entire; the base acute or acuminate; nerves
10 to 12 (rarely bis many as 15) pairs, thin, but prominent on both surfaces; length
of blade 4 to 7 (rarely so much as 9) in., breadth 1-75 in. to 3 in., rarely 4 in •
petiole '75 to 1 in. Spikes cinereous-pubescent, in long-peduucled, few-branched terminal
or axillary panicles, or axillary, the majority bearing male flowers only, a small number
bearing female flowers with a few males at the apex. Feinalc flowers in groups of three
or four. Ripe fruit sub-globose to sub-ovoid, minutely furfuraceous tomentose, sometimes