I^'DO.MALiTAN SPECIES
Walls of iu7olucre bearing spines iu tufts or ridges, but not
hidden by tliem,
Spines in tufts, leares glabrous, entire 12. C. argyvophylla.
Spines in ridges.
Leaves glabrous, entire . . . jg , p.
]..enTes witb cinereous or ferrugineous pubescence beneath, entire or
serrate towai'ds the apes c". iyihdoides.
Frvit sub-f/lohose to sul)-ovokl, move or lefts dewesseil. somctimeii oUcuveli/ anqlcA :
imlls of involucre beai-inr/ tmiisvevse tiibet-citlate xotie.*; nuts usuali!/ more
than one.
Leaves thinly coriaceous, with 10 to 12 pairs nf nerres; inTolucre witliout
Tertical grooves, its transyerse ridges faintly tubercolate, dehiscing m-egularly
or not at all 15 C Stmatrana
Leaves corioeeous, with 16 to 20 nerves; grooved vertically and with 3 or
4 very prominent, wavy, tubcreuUte, horizontal zones, dehiscence 4-val7ular 16. C. Halkttii.
Fruit sui}-glohose, comjylanate, indeJiiacent; involucre insciiaraMe from the «olitarij
(/Idìlli, thejlat surface nmooth ; the rest of the exterior u-ith short i)rismatic or
ixitelliform spines or tuhtrcles, or ivith interrupted vertical ridtjes.
Fruit with prismatic spines.
Leaves glabrous on both sxirfaces,
Leaves coriaceous, elHptiC'lancooIate, with 7 to 9 pairs of nerves *
nuts 1 to 3, ovoid, complanate 17. 0. Schefferiana
Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-elliptic or elliptic-oblong, with 7 to 8
pahs of nerves ; nut scUtary l^. C. rhamnifolia.
Leaves flooculent, pubescent beneath, coriaceous, lanceolate or ovatelanceolate,
with 6 to 7 pairs of uerves ; nuts solitary 19. C. WalUchii.
Frnit with patellifoiTu tubercles; leaves minutely furfuraceouf, pubescent beneath 20. C. nephelioides.
Fruit with interrupted vertical ridges 21. C. Curtisii.
Species of which the ripe fruit is unknown 22. C7. Bumana
1. CASTAXOPSIS IXDICA, A. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot. i. (1863) 182 ; Ihod. .xvi. ii. 109.
Y o u n g shoots, under surfaces of leayes at all a^ca, petioles and inflorescence minutely
r u s i y - t o m c n t o s e or putescent. leaves elliptie-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, sharply
but remotely serrate in the upper three-fourths ; the base entire, obtuse, rarely acute;
u p p e r surface shining, glabrous, except the pubescent midrib; nerves 14 to 16 pairs,
p r o m i n e n t beneath; length of blade 4 to 8 in., breadth 1-75 to 3 in.; petiole -25 in'
Male spikes iu lax, terminal or axillary panicles longer than the leaves;'flowers glomeru
i a t e ; per iant h 6-partite ; s tamens 12. Female spikes axillary, solitary, longer than the loaves ;
flowers solitary. :Rij>e invoha-es about 1 t o 1-5 in. in diameter, densely covered with sti^aiHit
simple, unequally long, radiating, subulate, adpressed-pubescent prickles, the longest of
w h i c h measures nearly -o in. Kui ovoid, -25 to -5 in. l o n g . - i l % Ann. Mus. Lwjd. Bat
1. 119; Brandii For. J-for« 490 ; Gamhle Ind. Timi. 388; Hook. fit. FI. Br. hid v 620-
Casianca indica, Eoxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 643; Blume Mus, Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 284; Wight Jc.
4 1 7 ; Kurz For. Flor. Burm. ii. 478; Wall. Cat. 2761.—<2. serrata, K<,xb. M. Ind. iii.
641 (not of Willd.).—d u h i a , Lindi, in Wall. Cat. 2786.
OF CASTANOPSIS. 9-5
H i m a l a y a , at elevations up to 4,000 feet, from Nepal to Bhotan, very common,
e s p e c i a l l y between 1,000 and 3,000 feet ; Assam R ange ; Chittagong Hills.
PLATE 83,—C . indica, A. DC. 1, flowering-branch; 2, spike of young fruit; 3, spike
of nearly ripe ixmt,,—of natural size,
2. CASTAXOPSIS CLARKEI, King in JJook. fil. Fl. Br. Lid. v. 623.
B r a n c h l e t s minutely tomentose when young, afterwards glabrous. Leaves elliptico
b l o n g or lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate almost to
t h e base, pale and puberulous beneath; upper surface dull, glabrous; nerves 10 to 12
p a i r s ; length of blade 3-5 in. to 4-5 in., breadth l-o iu. to 1-75 in.; petiole-3 in. Male
spikes in lax, scanty, slender panicles about as long as the leaves, rufous-puboscent.
Female sinkcs slender, solitary. Ripe involucres ovoid, about 1 in. long, densely covered
w i t h long, slender, weak, rather straight, rufous-pubescent spines. Nuts broadly ovoid,
s o l i t a r y , deciduously adpressed-pubescent.
B h o t a u - H i m a l a y a , at Kalimpong, altitude 5,000 feet,— Clarice; Shan Hills, Burmah,—
Collett.
T h i s species has been collected only by Mr. C. B. Clarke and General Collett. It
f o r m s a connecting link between C. indica and C. trikdoides, var. ferox. The palo
p u b e s c e n t under surfaces of the leaves and the slender inflorescence ai-e its best diagnostic
marks.
PLATE 83 BIS.—C. Clarkei, King. 1, branch with panicle of male flowers; 2 & 3,
s p i k e s of )-ouug f rui t ; 4, mature fruit,—a l l of natural size.
3. CASTANOPSIS EYSTEIX, A. DC. in Seem. Journ. Bot. i. (1863} 182; Frod. xvi. ii. 111.
Y o u n g shoots and rachises of inflorescence rufous-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous,
l a n c e o l a t e or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, remotely sen-ate in the upper three-fourths,
s o m e t i m e s entire when old; the base obtuse or sub-acute; upper surface glabrous; the
u n d e r densely covered with minute ferruginous, flocculent tomentum, often glabrescent
when old; nerves 7 to 9 pairs (10 to 13 in Malayan specimens), bold and prominent
o n the lower, impressed on the upper surface; length of blade 3 to 5 in., breadth 1-6
i n . to 2 in.; petiole about -5 in. ; spikes stout, sub-pendulous or spreading, in small subt
e r m i n a l or axillary panicles ; the male numei'ous, the female spikes few. Females jlowers
i n threes, covered by numerous small, scarious, pubescent bracteoles. Fioe involucres
m o r e or less 4-angIed, about 2 in. across (1 to 1"0 in. in Malayan specimens); the
i n v o l u c r e thick-walled, densely covered with simple or branching, interlacing, subulate,
r i g i d , straight spines, from -25 to nearly -5 in. long, with pubescent bodies, but with
g l a b r o u s points. Nuts 3, 2, or sometimes only 1 (by abortion), ovoid-conic, more or less
3 - a n g l e d , sub-ad p r e s s e d - p u b e s c e n t (the hairs retroversed), about -5 in. long.—Miq. Ann.
JVUS. Lugd. Bat. i, 119; Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Lid. v. 620.— Castanea hystrix and rufescens,
Hook. fil. and Thorns. MSS.
S i k k im Himalaya, at elevations of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet, common; Khasia Plills, at
e l e v a t i o n s of from 2,000 to 3,000 iaci,—Griffith (4445), Hooker; Perak, at elevations of 4,500
t o 4,600 {GQi—King's Collector (6975 and 7751).