9 AETOCAUPITS
Hheede, in the same book (p. 25, t. 32), describes for tlie first time, under the nnme
Ansjdi, a fom-th species of Artocarmis (A. Mrsula, Lamk.). In Sonnerat's Foi/ojre lo Nm
Omiea (p. 29, t. 57—50), the Bread-fruit is described and figured as Riim.
Amongst post-Llnnrean botanists the first considerable additions to the genus were
made by Lmie, who, in his Bijimgen (published in 1825) described for the first time
the four species Bl. (not of Willd. and = 4 . Blumd, Tree.); Khi^tim, Eeinw.
(probably only a form of A. inma)-, rigid«, Bl.; and Bl. Eoibui-gh, in his
Indica, published in 1832, added to the genus three species not previously described,
viz. Lakooclm, Roxb., Chaplaslm, Roxb., and hncewfoUc, Roxb.; while, under the specific
name hirmta, Lamk., he described the Amjdi of Eheede, and under that of oMnata,
Koxb., be i-e-christened the previously-described A. rigiia of Blume. The next contribution
of importance to the botany of this genus is contained in a paper on the
Artocarfks published by Trecul in 184T, in the Anmhs cles Soimees Naturdla, ser. iii,
vol. 18. In this paper Trecul gives a revision of the genus, arranging the fifteen
species of which he had seen good specimens into two groups, which he called Jam
and FsaiA-Jaai. Of the flfteea species described in that paper, six are described for
the first time, namely, two Malayan (aomesiana, Wall., and ijUueixcmi, Tree.); three
from the Philippines (OmAgiam, Tree.; nilidu, Tree.; and ImcmUa, Tree.); and one
from the Ladrones (llariannmm, Tree.). Four species, namely, ghuca, BL, fuUsccm,
Willd ( = hirmta, Lamk.), Hassk., and lammfiUa, Eoxh., Trecul had never seen, and
these he does little more than enumerate. Of the second and fourth of these four
there are excellent specimens in the Calcutta Herbarium, and they are evidently perfectly
good species. Of the first and third I have as yet seen no authentic specimens.
Jliouel is the next botanist who contributed to any considerable extent to our
knowledge of this genus. In his CaU,U,u, of ZoUiug^S FUmls, Us Flora of Ml^rlanas
India (vol i, pt. 2), in his Sumatran Supplement to the same work, and ,n the
third volume of the Annah of tU Uiim M^tmm, this author describes no fewer than
twenty.two new species from the Malayan regions. A large number of these new spec.cs
were however, founded on such imperfect material that, from MiqueFs doscripti^ alone,
it is' simply impossible to identify his plants; and it is only by mspectiou of the
actual material on which tl.e author worked, and which is contained in the Herbaria at
Leiden and Utrecht, that it is possible even to guess what those species are. Descriptive
botany of this sort is worse than useless, for it imports elements of doubt, confasion and
uncertainty into all subsequent determinations; and it is much to bo regretted that Miquol
did not allow the imperfect Malayan material to lie undescribod until such time as it
could be supplemented by completer specimens. That this n.ight possibly not have been
aecomnlished'during his own lifetime, was a consideration which .should have had no
weight with a botanist of MiqueFs calibre and standing. Besides these described by the
authors already mentioned, species of Arlo^arf^ were described by Zolhnger (1 speces),
OF DEITISH INDIA.
Thwaites (1 species), Hasskarl (1 specics), Teysmann and Binnindj-k (I specIcs), and
Kurz (1 spociesj.
Artocarpus is a moncecious genus. The flowers are small and strictly unisexual, and
those of each sex are collected on the convex surface of fleshy or semi-woofly receptacles.
These receptacles vary from globose to oblong; they are axillary, either sessile
or pedunculate, and have but rai'ely any involucres or bracts at their base. Tlie nmle
rece2)tacles are, as a rule, much smaller than those bearing the female flowers, and they
usually occupy the axils of the younger leaves: they are soft and spongy in structure,
and rapidly disappear after the maturation of the pollen. The female receptacles, when
ripe, often attain an enormous size; those of the Jack sometimes measuring three feet in
length and fifteen inches in diameter. The core of the receptacle in many species is hard
and woody at first, becoming only moderately soft even when the anthoearps are ripe. In
others, the substance of the receptacle is soft from the first. The surface of the syncarpium
varies from spiny to smooth, according as the anthoearps ])orne on the receptacle
are united for part or for the whole of their length. The structure of the individual
flowers is very siniple, and Forster's original account of it shows that, from the
first, it was pretty accurately understood. The male flower lias a very simple perianth,
composed usually of two pieces. In a few of the Indo-Malayan species these pieces
are bifid at the apex; and in one species this division is continued to the very base, so
that the perianth becomes 4-leaved. The pieces are valvate or very slightly imbricate in
bud. The flowers have only a single stamen, which has a straight, non-elastic, filamentthe
anther is ovate or sub-reniforni, 2-colled, and is exsertcd while the pollen is
being shed. The male flower contains no rudiment of a pistil. Attached to the receptacle
between the male flowers there are, in many species, curious and beautiful scales.
These scales resemble nails with broad heads. The peltate head is usually ciliate, on
the edges at least; sometimes it is 3-lobed, but usually it is circular. The pedicels of
these heads in some species are thickened upwards; in others they are uniformly filiform.
I n some species (e.g. hirmta), the scales are flat, ligulate, and not peltate; and, in
many species, scales are absent from the male even when jn-esent in the bLle
receptacle. The female flowers, like the males, are closely packed together on the
convex surface of a receptacle. The perianth (which is tubular) is originally united to
the receptacle by its base, and to its neighbom-s on each side for a greater or less part
of its length. The apices of these perianths become indurated as they ripen; and eaeh,
becoming more or loss consoKdated with its ovary, forms an antiioeai-p. And it is thi
amount of union that takes place between the individual anthoearps which determines
whether the surface of the mature synca.pinm is spiny, tubercular, or perfectly smooth
I n cases where the ripe syncarpium ,s spiny, the upper part of the tubular perianth of
each flower is free and cylindrie or conical; in cases where the sarface of the ripe
receptacle is tubercular, the free pai-t of the individual anthocarp is shorter, broader