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one other species, which he named palustre, with a var. and
under this he included all the true species of the family.
E hrhart c lea rly defined th e genus, and e stablish ed as species
S. cymbifolium, acutifolium, and cuspidatum, in th e Hannoverisches
Magazin (1780), and Plantce Crypt. Exsicc. (1785)-
H edwig, in his Fundamenta Muscorum (1782), characterized
the genus, and g a v e most beautiful figures of the fruit and
antheridia, the latter being then made known for the first time.
B rid el described se v e ra l sp e c ies in th e Muscologia Recenhorum
(1797), and in his Mantissa (1819) e x ten d s th e number to fourteen,
six being European.
S c H W A E G R i c H E N , in Suppl. I. to Hedwig’s Species Muscorum,
figures Sph. cuspidatum, compachim, and squarrosum.
P. DE B eauvois gives a good natural character o f the genus
in a paper on Muscology, in Mémoires de la Société Linneenne, Paris,
1822, and notices the peculiar areolation o f the leaves as serving
to distinguish them from all other mosses.
N . VON E senbeck and H ornschuch, in the Bryologia Germanica,
vol. i. (1823), describe nine species o f Sphagnum, but
two of these are only varieties ; and figures are given of thirteen
species and varieties.
B r id e l , in his la s t work, Bryologia Universa (1826), ad d ed
th e natural characte rs o f th e g en u s to th e description he had
p re v io u s ly giv en , and p oin ted out its distinctness from all others.
J. H ege tschweiler contributed a paper. Revision des Genus
Sphagnum, to the Denkschriften der Schweizer Gesells. f ü r gesam.
Naturwiss., Zurich, 1829, in which he looks upon the species of
Sphagnum as so variable, that he refers all the forms to a broadleaved
and a narrow-leaved species, ju s t as they were originally
placed by Dillenius.
F ürnrohr, in th e Regensburg Botanische Zeitung for 1833, g a v e
a paper. Versuch einer Lebens- und Formgeschichte der Gattung
Sphagnum, b u t it is on ly a résumé o f th e w o rk o f p rev iou s writers.
C. M ü l l e r , in his valuable Synopsis Muscorum Frondosorum
(1846), formed a tribe Sphagnacece, and gives full descriptions of
seventeen species, but speaks o f the leaves having intercellular
■ ducts ; he also describes the cells as inanes or repletce, according
to the presence or absence o f spiral threads, and uses this as an
important character in the distinction o f species, though we now
know that really little stress can be laid upon it ; y e t that this
learned author thinks otherwise, is evident by his description o f
new species in a recent number o f Linnea, where the same form
o f diagnosis is followed.
W ilson, in the Bryologia Britannica (1855), gives an excellent
outline o f the characters peculiar to the Sphagna, and describes
nine species as British.
S u l l iv an t , in his Musci and Hepatica o f the United States
(1856), describes sixteen species and indicates four others as
European ; several o f these, however, are only varieties.
M oldenhawer, in his Beiträge zu r Anatomie der Pflanzen
(1812), first pointed out the dimorphous character o f the cells
composing the leaves o f the Sphagnacea;, and V on M ohl investigated
and confirmed these views in a valuable paper. Anatomische
Untersuchungen über die porösen Zellen von Sphagnum (1854);
while C. N ä g e l i minutely studied the process o f development of
the stem and leaves, and published the result in Zeitschrift f ü r
wissenschaftliche Botanik, He ft 2 (1845).
D ozy gives an exact account o f the anatomy o f the Sphagna,
in his Bijdragen tot de Anatomie en Phytographie van de Sphagna
(1854), with good drawings o f their structure.
H ofmeister has ably investigated the minute development
o f the Sphagna, and especially the structure o f the female organ
and first formation o f the fruit. S e e his Vergleichende Untersuchungen,
&c. (1851).
^ ScHiMPER, in 1858, g a v e to the world his grand treatise on
this subject, Virsuch einer Entwickelungs-geschichte der T o r fmoose,
a work most complete in details o f structure both descriptive
and pictorial, and leaving hardly anything to be desired. In
it he advocates the elevation o f the Sphagna to the dignity o f
a class, equal to those o f Mosses and Hepaticse, but in the new
edition o f his Synopsis Muscorum he ranks them as anomalous
mosses. ^ His descriptions o f species are a model for all authors ;
the habit o f the plant, the external form and internal structure
o f the stem, and o f the leaves o f the stem, branches, and peri-
chaetium, all find a place in the diagnostic characters.
L indberg, in vol. xix. o f Öfvers. K . Vetensk. Aka d . Forhandl.
(1862), published a paper, Torfmossornas byggnad Utbredning och
systematiska Uppstallning, in which will be found some valuable
observations on the family, and a mode o f grouping the species
nearly the same as that adopted in the present work.