either inflated or partially inrolled or cucullate—
sometimes even bell-shaped or cylindrical— is
almost unknown in Jungermaiitiieæ. Several genera
possess a character entirely unknown among Jubii-
leæ, viz., a perianth that is wide-mouthed throughout
its existence, and therefore needs not to be ruptured
for the emission of the capsule. The calyptra,
as compared with the perianth, is of various lengths,
being in some species scarcely at all shorter, but in
others four times as short. The character of an inferior
or half inferior calyptra, occurring in several
genera o i Jungermannieæ, is quite unknown in J u buleæ.
Elaters numerous— sometimes to be counted
by thousands, produced on the whole inner surface
of the capsule, usually slender and tortuous, narrower
at each end (never truncate), and each includes
two spiral fibres— rarely three or more— very
rarely only one. When the capsule bursts they
mostly fall out all together along with the spores.
Spores very numerous and usually very minute, in
only a few genera equalling these of the Jubuleæ ;
nearly always globose.
The Jtmgermannieæ are further sub-divided into
eight sub-tribes, of which seven have the elaters
normally bispiral. That is to say— the Raduleæ,
Porelleæ, Ptilidieæ, Trigonantheæ, Scapanioideæ,
Epigoniantheoe d,rtàFossombronieæ. The eighth,
gerieæ, lias the elaters monospiral, and at the same
time the species are frondose. The relations of
these several tribes to each other will be found
under each, as hereafter follows :—
S y s t e m a t ic A r r a n g em e n t .
O r d e r .— H E P A T I CÆ .
Fertile sacs opening re gu la r ly or i r regu larly,
without any definite lid ; borders of the
fissure naked, not provided with any series
of teeth (per istome) , s ing le or double.
Sub-order I . JU N G E R M A N N IA C E y p .
Fruit solitary, capsular, four-valved, valves
splitting, rarely torn. Flate r s mixed with
the spores. Vegetat ion either foliose or
frondose.
T r i b e i . J u b u l e æ , Dum.
Ramification e v e r yw h e r e lateral. Le a v e s
always alternate, incubous, complicately-bilo-
bate inferior lobule smaller, commonly inflated
or saccate. Female f lower s monogynous.