not the cafe with cucumbers and citrons, as thefe are coniidered
merely as vegetables in buying and felling, and alfo in eating;— in buying
and felling, as they are fold by green-fellers;— and in eating, as they
are, at the time o f meals, fet along with other vegetables; wherefore
the vower is not forfworn by eating cucumbers or citrons. With re-
fpect, however, to oranges, dates, and citrons, there is a difference
of opinion, as above mentioned;— for the two difciples maintain that
by eating of thofe the vower is forfworn, as the defcription oIFdkiha
is applicable to them, fince they are the moll; rare of all delicacies,
and a higher treat than any other: but he is not forfworn, according
to Haneefa, becaufe oranges and dates are eaten as food, and men eat
citrons alfo as a medicine; wherefore the defcription of Fakiha is incomplete,
fince they are ufed for the fupport of life; and hence it is
that when dried they are ufed in cookery.
I f a perfon vow that “ he will not eat Iddm," by this is, to be underftood
any thing which is ufually eaten in bread;— thus Kabobs arc
not coniidered as Iddm, whereas fa it is fuppofed to come under this de-
nomination.— This is according to Haneefa and Aboo Yoofaf; but Iindm
Mohammed fays that whatever is moil; commonly eaten along with
bread is to be regarded as Iddm, (and there is alfo an opinion recorded
from Aboo Yoofcf to this effeft,) becaufe Iddm is derived from Mowa-
demit, or congeniality, and fuch articles are ufually eaten with bread
as are agreeable and congenial thereto, fuch as fimpleflefh, fowls, and
fo forth.— T h e argument of Haneefa herein is, that Iddm implies that
which is eaten as a dependant, and dependancy is aEiually found in a
cafe of admixture where it Hands in the place of bread ; and it virtu-
ally exifts where the article ufed is of fuch a nature as never to be eaten
alone. With refpeft to what Aboo Yoofaf alleges of Iddm being derived
from Mowddemit, or congeniality, it may be replied that fuch congeniality
is completely found in admixture:— and vinegar, or other fimi-
lar fluids, are never eaten alone, but mixed with bread or other food;
and fa it, alfo, is not ufually eaten alone; and jt moreover is liable to
me lt ;
melt; wherefore it is a dependant: (contrary to the cafe of flejh, and
other correfponding fubftances, which are,frequently eaten alone:)—
and hence, by eating thefe, the vower is not forfworn, unlefs where
he intends fuch articles in his vow, for this is a violence to himfelf,
and a man is empowered to inflidt penalties upon himfelf. It is to be
obferved that oranges and dates are not coniidered as Iddm: this is approved.
I f a perlbn make a vow that “ he will not eat Ghadd," [dinner,]
by this is underftood eating at any time from daybreak till noon; as by
Afha, Tfupper,] is underftood what is eaten between meridian prayer
and midnight, becaufe any time after the fun’ s declination from the
meridian is the time of AJha. Some aflert that this was the diftinc-
tion among the ancients; but that with the moderns the time o f AJha is
from afternoon prayer; and the morning meal is that which may be
eaten between midnight and daybreak, becaufe the morning is from
midnight until daybreak.— It is to be obferved that where a perlbn
makes a vow againft eating dinner or fupper, a fu ll and entire meal is
to be underftood of either, fuch as is cuftomary: this will, of courfo,
be regulated by the.ufual quantity of thofe meals in different countries
refpeftively; but, to violate the vow, more than h a lf the ufual quantity
muft be eaten.
If a man make a vow, faying “ if I clothe myfelf, or eat, or
drink, my Have is free,” and he fhould explain his intention, in the
lirft of thefe articles, to regard a particular kind o f cloth only, his declaration
is not to be credited either with refpeft to a decree of the
Kdzee, or in a religious v iew; (and the fame is to be obferved with re-
foeft to the two other articles of eating and drinking;) becaufe intention
is not approved unlefs it be exprefled, and the cloth, or fo forth,
are not mentioned in the vow.— If a man, alfo, were to make a vow,
faying “ i f I put on a robe,” or “ eat food,” or “ drink wine,— my
■“ Have is free,” and he afterwards fay that he meant this robe and
X x x 2 not