Jerdon, on the authority o f Dr. Adams, assigns it a place in the fauna of India, and Swinhoe in that o f
China; while it frequents at least the northern portion o f Africa.
191. C o r v u s c o r n i x .................................................................................................................................Vol. III. PI. LIX.
H o o d ed C row.
A resident species in the three kingdoms; breeds in Scotland and Ireland, and but very rarely in England;
is to be met with iu many parts o f the European continent, both north and so u th ; and is particularly common
in Palestine and Egypt, where it is often the foster-parent o f the young o f the Great Spotted Cuckoo
( Oxylophus glandarins').
192. C o r v u s f r u g i l e g u s . . . . . . . . . . . Vol. III. PI. LX.
R ook.
I have retained this bird in the genus Corvus; many other authors have adopted Lesson’s genus Frugilegus,
and Prof. Kaup’s term o f Tryphanocorax for it and its immediate allies. Unlike the Crows the Rooks are
gregarious and associate in immense flocks ; they differ from them also in the structure o f their bills, the
peculiar form o f which seems adapted for some special purpose, perhaps for the procuration o f a particular
kind of food, such as large underground-deposited larvae o f insects, grain, and tuberous roots, as the
husbandman well knows to his cost. The Rook is even still more omnivorous ; for it will not refuse worms,
crustaceans, or carrion thrown up by the waves o f the sea. Generally dispersed over England, Scotland, and
Ireland. Rooks are only found in a limited portion o f the Old W orld.
193. C o r v u s m o n e d u l a ......................................................................................................................Vol. III. PI. LXI.
J ackdaw.
Even this indigenous species and its several near allies have been subjected to a generic separation from
the genus Corvus, the term Lycos having been bestowed upon it by Boie, the specific names o f the others
being collaris for the Macedonian bird, dauuricus for the Daurian and Chinese species, neglectus for that
inhabiting Japan. All are o f small size when compared with the true Crows ; they affect different situations
for the purpose o f breeding, resorting to rocks, old towers, and holes in the ground rather than to the trees.
They are strictly denizens o f the Old World.
Genus F r e g i l u s .
The Red-legged Crows differ considerably from any o f the species above noticed, and are certainly entitled
to a separate generic appellation, and accordingly have received three or four. The genus comprises
but few species, only two being recognized, namely the bird inhabiting Europe, F graculus, and the
F. himalayensis of the Himalayas.
194. F r e g i l u s g r a c u l u s . . . . . . . . . . . Vol. III. PI. LXII.
C h o u g h .
This truly indigenous species is spread over the three kingdoms, but is more rare in Scotland; breeds in
the rocks on the sea-shore, in company with Cormorants, Gulls, Puffins, and Guillemots. Found also in
many o f the hilly and Alpine parts of the European continent and in North Africa.
Genus P ic a .
A very elegant group of birds, whether seen among the branches of trees or on the ground. Their powers
o f flight are not so great as those o f the preceding members of the family. All are similarly coloured,
black, white, and green with bronzy reflections being the prevailing tints. Two species inhabit the northern
portions o f America; one is peculiar to Africa; the remainder frequent Europe, Asia, and Japan,—each
being confined to its own limited area, beyond which it is seldom found.
195. P i c a c a u d a t a ................................................................................................................................Vol. III. PI. LXIII.
M a g p ie .
An ornamental and stationary species, inhabiting most o f the counties o f England, Scotland, and Ireland.
Genus G a r r u l u s .
If we restrict tills genus to tlie birds o f the Old-World form, o f which our familiar Jay is a typical
example, it will be found to consist of nine or ten species, and, as is the case with the Magpies, that Europe
and Asia are their head quarters ¡ at the same time North Africa is not destitute of its own peculiar Jay.
Structurally they are especially adapted for frequenting the branches o f trees, and not for the ground,
although they are often seen there. They are a sly, crafty race ; and much obloquy attaches to them for
their habit o f pilfering the eggs and the young o f other birds; fruits and berries, insects, snails, worms, and
other o f the lower animals afforded by forests constitute, however, their chief food.
196. „ Vol. III. PI. LXIV. G a r r u l u s g l a n d a r i u s
J a y .
A resident species, more common in England than in Scotland. Thompson says it is only indigenous
in the southern parts o f Ireland. Mr. J . H. Gurney considers that an autumnal migration takes place
to our eastern coasts. On the continent o f Europe the Jay is generally dispersed wherever the country
is suited to its habits. I have a specimen killed in Spain which does not differ from examples obtained in
this country.
Genus N u c i f r a g a .
Only three or four species o f Nutcracker have yet been characterised. They are inhabitants of Europe
and Asia.