this membrane bursts interiorly or towards the centre of the flower and sheds the pollen after
which the membranous valve withers and almost disappears, leaving the fleshy body of the anther
in its place apparently as large or even larger than when the flower firs t expanded. I first had an
opportunity of observing the anther of R . mucronata about 10 years ago, and endeavoured to represent
it before and after dehiscence. The attempt was not very successful but such as it was I
have recently published it tab. 238 of my leones. Since then (in 1835 ?> Mr. Griffith published
a paper on the Rhy zophoreae in the transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta,
accompanied with delineations of- the anther of this genus, accompanied by some ingenious
remarks on its formation. This structure, which is confined to the species of this genus
he very properly considers of itself a sufficient reason for separating them as a genus from thé
rest of the order even supposing there was no other, which however is not the case, hence this
cannot but be considered a good genus. Passing over these peculiarities, which do not extend to
all the species of the order, its nearest allies seem to be, Memecyleae, L e th ra riea e and M y r ta cm e
and though the relationship does not appear to be very close, we yet find the same plant in one’
°! two instances referred to different orders, thus we find, according to Arnott, that, Petalosoma
of D.C. doubtfully referred by him to Myrtaceae, is not distinct from C a ra llia : and Olisbia
D.C. placed without a doubt in Rhyzophoreae, referred by Lindley and Arnott under the name
(x u ilm n g ia to Memecyleae.
Geographical Distribution. I mentioned above that plants of this order occupy a wide
Jahl™ltl“g salt marshes, especially near the mouths of great rivers, in tropical countries.
1 he following rather long extract from Dr. Arnott’s paper gives a more precise account of their
distribution which is my reason for introducing it here.
“ Martius in his observations on India plants in the ‘ Algemeine Z e itu n a ’ far January 1834
and ‘ A n n des Sc. M a t.’ n s. | p. 250, mentions that there are eleven species of RMzophoreae
in Hast India according to Wallich’s list: there are however only eight noticed bv Dr. Wallich
but this number may be made up of the three species of Carallia described in DeCandolle’s
Prodmmas, o f R h izo p h o ra co n ju g a ta , g ym n o r rh iza and cyUndrica o f ‘Linneeus; R . canjo-
p h y llo id e s, Jack; R . candel and Candelaria of DeCandoile, with R . pa rviflo ra and decandra
of Roxburgh, mentioned m Walhch’s list. While one of these has been unnecessarily spilt
down, others, very distinct, appear to be confused under the same names, and Blume’s are altogether
omitted. I have now enumerated fifteen species of Rhizophoreae v e rm from which we
must deduct one from America and another from New Holland not found in East India. Of
the remaining thirteen, one from Cochin China is scarcely known; a second extends throughout
the Indian ocean, from the Mauritius to the Moluccas or perhaps Timor, and as far north as
Arabia helix and Bengal; a third is found in Malabar, Timor, and New Holland; three appear
to be confined to the Eastern Islands ; two to Malabar; one is common to Malabar and the
mouth of the Ganges; two found at the mouth of the Ganges occur probably also further east
the remainmS two seem to have been observed (unless different species are
alluded to by different authors) in Ceylon, Malabar, Bengal, Java, and Amboyna. To these
thirteen have to be added, Roxburgh’s two species of Carallia with serrated, and the four species
or varieties I have mentioned with entire leaves ; so that although Loureiro’s R h iz . h e ia -
g o n a were reduced, the number is about double of that given by Martius. This order is thus
concentrated in India or its Islands; the only known exceptions consist in the two or perhaps
three species of Rhizophora and one Carallia that occur further west, and one Ceriops and one
B r u g m e n a that are found in New Holland; but of these, two are also natives of India.”
P roperties and Uses. On this head no very precise information exists, the bark of several
species is astringent and has been used as a febrifuge. In the Antilles the fruit of R izo y h ■
m angle is said to be sweet and edible and the juice is fermented to form a light wine. When
growing within low water mark the lower branches and stems are sometimes covered with
oysters which are esteemed, by those who have an opportunity of procuring them, a great delicacy.
1 he wood of R . mucronata is said by Roxburgh to be of a dark redish' colour, hard and
durable while that of B r u g m e n a Rhe ed e i is described as being of a yello wish colour, hard and
durable, but is chiefly employed for burning and for posts with which the natives construct their
houses.
Remarks on Genera and Species. The most perfect account by far, yet published of
this order is that by Dr. Arnott in the “ A n n a ls o f N a tu r a l H is to r y” vol. 1. page 359-374 inclusive.
To this paper I must refer those desirous of becoming intimately acquainted with it,
but will here embody some portion of the information it contains. Of Rhizophoreae verae
he has 4 genera, one of these (Ceriops) new ; and defines 15 species, one imperfectly known,
which are thus distributed—Rhizophora 3, Ceriops 2, K a n d elia 1, and B ru g u ie ria 8—and one
scarcely known, of these 9 are certainly Indian species. As I have reason to believe the Journal
in which these are published is but little known in India, I shall introduce here the original
generic and specific characters of the author with his synonyms, excluding however the remarks
on each, which would occupy more space than can be devoted to the subject in these pages,
adding to each Mr. Griffith’s synonyms derived from his paper in the Calcutta Medical transactions.
RHIZOPHORA, Lem. Kunth. Blume, W. and A.
Calyx 4-fidus ;• laciniae tubo 2-3-plo longiores. Petala
4 lanceolata acuminata apice nuda. Stamina 8-11, quorum
4 petalis opposita: filamenta brevissima; antherae
magn®, sub-sessiles; basi affix® conniventus, oblongo-
lineares, acuminatse, breviter cuspidatae. Ovarium semi-
adhaerens, biloculare, 4-ovulatum, parte libera ovata
carnosa solida, sensim in stylum conic um brevem acuminata.
Fructus sub-ovatus, basi calycis laciniis recurvis
coronatus, tubo longior.
Pedunculi 2-3-fidi vel dichotimi; calyx bractea cupu-
lata suffultus. Flores magni: alabastra ovoidea Icevia.
§ 1. Stamina 8. Petala concava, coriacea, stamen
unicum antepositum foventia, versus margines indupli-
catos villosa. Pedunculi ex axillis foliorum hornoti--
nornm orti, petiolis sub-longiores, 2-3-fidi diekotomi:
Acres plus minusvi pedicellati.
1. R . Mangle, (Linn.); foliis obovato-oblongis, ob-
tusis. —®, pedunculis 2-3 floris; floribus sublonge pe-
dicellatis, calycis laciniis triangulari-oblongis.—R. Mangle,
Linn. Sp. p. 634 (ex parte); D.C. Prod. 3 p. 32;
Velloz. F I. Plum. v .t. 1.—ß ? pedunculis dichotomis;—
R. racemosa, Meyer prim. Essq. p. 185 D.C. 1. c.—Hah.
in America, et ? Africae oris occidentalibus.
2. R. mucronata, L am .; foliis ovalibus longe cuspi-
datis, calycis lacyniis triangulari ovatis.«—R. mucronata,
Lam. -Erac.Meth. 6 p. 169; ill. tab. fig . 2. D.C. 1. c.;
Decaisne in Ann. Sc. Nat. n, s. 4 p, 75.—R. Mangle,
Linn. ? (ex parte). Roxb. FI. Ind. 2 p. 459. Blum, en PI.
Jav . 1 p. 91 (excl. syn).—R. candilaria, Wall. cat. n.
48/8. Wight, 'et Am . Prod. Fl. Penins. I. O. 1 p. 3l0,
(non D.C.) Wight, cat. n, 1041. R. macrorhiza, Griffith.
Hah. in insulis Mauritio, Madagascar, Ceylano, et
Java, in Arabia Felice prope Yemen (Bore n. 230) Ma-(
lab ad aria; ostia Gangis, ac yerosimiliter in aliis multis
Indiae orientalis maritimis.
§ 2 . Stamina nunc 8, saepius 11-12. Petala plana;
sub-membranacea, glaberrima. Pedunculi petiole mul-
tobreviores, ex axillis foliorum annotinorum orti, crassi,
«.pice sub-biflori: flores sessiles.
3. JR. conjvgata, (Linn.); foliis oblongis sub-aöumi-
natis longe cuspidatis, Linn. Sp. p. 634; FI. Ceyl. n.
181. D.C. 1. c. p. 33; Wight, cat. n. 2449. Roxb. Hort.
Beng. p. 36(iaFl. lndicaomissa).—R.Candelaiia,Z).Cr. l.c.
Griffith, l. c.—R. apiculata, Blum, en PI. Jav. 1 p. 91.—■
Rheed. H, Mai. vi. tab. 34. Rump Amb. iii. t. 71 et 72.
Hab. in insulis Ceylano et Java, in Malabarica prope
Cochin, &c. Rheede, Quilon; Wight.
2 CERIOPS, A m ..
Calyx 5-fidus; laciniae tubo 2-3-5, plo longiores. Petala ovalia, emarginata, apice setigera, plana, ante anthesin
stamina duo amplectentia. Stamina 10, erecta; fila-
menta petalis sub-dimidio breviora: anther® eordato-
ovatee, obtus®, filamentis multo breviores, dorso paullo
supra basin äffixae. Ovarium semiadhaerens, tri-(in una
specie, forsan in omnibus) loculare, 6-ovulatum, parte
libera ovata carnosa solida apice in stylum stamina super-
antem desinente. Stigma simpliciusculum. Fructus
sub-ovatus, prope basin laciniis calycinis patenti-recurvis
coronatus, tubo longior.
Pedunculi petiolum sub-cequdntes, cymum densifiorum
sub-capitatum ferentes. Calyx bractea cupulata suffultus.
Flores parvi, vix p isi magnitudine: alabastra sub-ovoidea.
Valde a Rhizophora differt hocce genus habitu, inflores-
centia, floribus peutameris, petalis, staminibus, stig-
mate, et (an semper ?) ovario.
1. C. Cändolliana, (Am.); foliis obovalibus vel obo-
vatis obtusissimis petalis margine glabris apice trisetis,
setis clavatis. Wight, Cat. n. 2450.—Rhizophora Timo-
riensis, D.C. ? Prod. 3 p. 32; Decaisne f Herb. Timor.
p. 124.—Bruguieria Arnottiana, Wight, in L itt.
Hah. in oris Malabaricus prope Quilon; Wight, 1836.
In insula Timor (fide DeCand. et Decaisn). “ Careening
bay” in Nova Hollandia; Cunningham {inHerb. Hook.)
2. C.Roxburghiana, (Arn.) foliis obovalibus obovatise
obtusissimis petalis inferne glabris versus apieem setosa-
cjliatis, setis (sub 7) .validis.—Rhizophora decandra,
Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 36; in. caet. Merc. Ind. Mus. tab.
1140 (in. Flor. Ind. omissa), Wall. Cat. n. 4875; Herb.
Ham. n. 1109.—Bruguiera decandra, Grijfith, l.c .
Hab. Ad ostia Gangis; Goodlad; Hamilton.'Penang,
Martaban, Tavoy &c. (fide Wallich).
3 KANDELIA, W. and A.
Calyx 5-fidus; laciniae tubo 3-4-plo longiores, lineares,
patentes. Petala 5, merabranacea, glabra, basi linearia
sub-canaliculata, ultra medium bifida, laciniis in fila
plurima capillaria longa inaqualiter fissis. Stamina
petalorum numero 6-8-pla: filamenta subulato-capil-
laria, calycis lacinias fere aequantia: antherae oblongae,
parv®, obtusae, dorso paullo supra basin affixae. Ovarium
adbaerens, l-loculare, 6-ovülatum. Stylus filiformis,
stamina sub-superans. Stigma 3-dentatum. Fructus
oblongus, basi laciniis calycinis patentlbus- coronatus,
tubo multo longior.
Arbor parva. Folia anguste elliptico-oblonga, oblusa.
Pedunculi petiolo longiores, 2-3-chotomi, 4-Q-fiori. Flores
majusculi, nunc rarius 6-meri: alabastra prismatica.
Calyx bractea cupulata suffultus. Emhryonis germin-
antis tigellus clavato-svhidatus, acutissimus.
1. K. Rheedie, W. and A., 1. c. ; . Wight, ' Cat. n. 1042
Griffith Rhizophora Candel. Linn. sp. p . 634 D.C. l.c
Wall. Cat. n. 4876. Roxb. Hort. Beng. p . 36 (in FI. In-
dica omissa); Herb. Ham. » .1 1 10.
Hah. ad oras Malabaricus praesertim australiores.
Rheede, Klein, Wight. Ad ostia Gangis, Hamilton.
4. BRUGUIERIA, L’Her, Lam., Blume, W. and A.
Calyx 8-14-fidus: laciniae tubum turbinatum sub-
aequantes. Petala oblonga, bifida, basi circa stamina