§ II. Anthers 2-celled, oblong, dehiscing longitudinally, introrse.
5 III. Anthers sessile, depressed, flattened above, 1 -celled, dehiscing circularly, ( cir-
cumscissile J . Cambogia.— Lin.
In the following synopsis of the genus I shall distribute all the known species according to
the above arrangement, premising however, that I have seldom encountered one, whose species
are more difficult to unravel, and that I entertain but faint hopes of succeeding in my endeavour
to render clear, that which seems to have been very obscure to most of my predecessors.
Of these, Roxburgh is the one on whom I have reposed most confidence, his descriptions, with
a few exceptions extending to every part of the plant, and being generally made from recent
specimens, are the most correct and perfect.
A similar plan has been pursued with respect to the other genera of the order Mesua,
Gynotroches, Calophyllum, Kayea, and Calysaccion, (Apoterium I consider a section, only, of
Calophyllum) and thus will be placed before the Indian Botanist the most complete account
of the Asiatic division of this difficult and hitherto ill understood order any where published.
That both errors and omissions will be found, is most probable, since such seem almost unavoidable
even under circumstances most favourable to the attainment of accuracy, and such I
cannot flatter myself are those under which I write, limited as I am in the time requisite for
the elaboration of such a monograph, and equally so in the space I feel myself at liberty to
appropriate to it in this work. The whole order however required elucidation, and the means
of doing so to a considerable extent having been placed at my disposal, l feel, that I should
not have done justice to those who kindly contributed the materials, did I not do my utmost
to render them available to the objects of science by their publication.
SYNOPSIS OF THE INDIAN GUTTIFEILE.
Sub-Order— Garciniece.
Garcinia—-Lin. Willd. &c.
Cambogia, Lin.—Mangostana, Gasrt.—Brindonia, Pet.
Tliour ?—Oxycarpus, Lour.—Btalagmitis, Murray, partly ?
Cambess. partly.—Hebradendron, Graham.
Flowers polygamous, dioecious. Sepals 4, persistent.
Petals 4, deciduous. Male—Stamens numerous, 4 adel-
phous, or monadelphous, with or without an imperfect
pistillum. Anthers 1-2-4 celled, dehiscence various.
Female—Stamens few or numerous, usually, 4 adel-
phous, the fascicles opposite the sepals—anthers generally
imperfect. Ovary 4-10, celled: Ovules solitary in
each cell. Style very short or wanting. Stigma peltate,
lobed; lobes corresponding in number with the
cells. Fruit fleshy, indehiscent, 4-10 celled, crowned
with the permanent stigma, globose, or slightly elongated,
sometimes furrowed. Seeds, solitary in each cell—
Trees,with opposite, coriaceous, shining, glabrous leaves;
the extreme branches usually somewhat 4-sided.
Subgenus M a n g o st a n a—Gsert. Male—Stamens very
numerous, tetradelphous; androphores, thick and fleshy,
covered on all sides with anthers—Ovary rudimentary,
supporting a large globose sterile stigma.
§ I. Anthers oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally.
1. G. Mangostana, (Lin.) Leaves somewhat rhom-
boidal, obtuse; male—-flowers fascicled; female—solitary,
terminal: fruit globose, 6-10 celled, (about the
size of an orange).
2. G. cornea, (Lin.) Leaves oval, oblong, acute at
both ends; flowers terminal, male aggregated; female
solitary: fruit globose, 4-celled, (about the size of a
lime).
3. G. speciosa— (Wall. PI. As. Rar. 3, page 37-258.)
Leaves elliptic, oblong, acute, male flowers aggregated
in the terminal axils, stamens 4 adelphous, androphores,
closely covered with anthers, sterile stigma flat, 4-angled:
female?
The male plant only of this species is known, the
flowers' seem larger than those of any of the other species
of the genus.
4. G. Celebica (Cboisv). Leaves ovate,;dahceolate,
acute: flowers axillary, solitary, near the ends of the
branches: male-^-stamens 4 adelphous, androphores,
thickly covered with anthers: female—stigma entire,
concave, furrowed within, fruit globose.
The description o f Rumph, Herb. Amb, 1, page 134,
of the stamens of the male flower, is so precise as not
to leave a doubt that this species, belongs to this section.
§ II. Anthers 1 -celled, depressed—flattened above, dehiscing
transversely.
5. G. Merguensis—R. W. Male—flowers axillary,
fascicled: exterior pair of sepals minute, the interior
ones large in proportion—female.
Communicated by Win. Griffith, Esq: (No.
97, in Herb. Griff.)
Arborious, or shrubby, very ramous, leaves lanceolate,
acuminated at the point: flowers numerous, small,“fascicled
in the axis of the leaves, fascicles 3-5 flowered,
sepals 4, the exterior pair minute, bracteas-form, the
interior pair large, and before anthesis completely enclosing
the rest of the flower. Stamens very numerous,
filaments united into four thick fleshy androphores, completely
covered with sessile, flattened, 1-celled anthers,
dehiscing transversely across the apex. Abortive, pisti
globose, capitate, glabrous, longer than the stamens.
The female I have not seen.
Subgenus Oxycarpus—Lour. Male—Stamens numerous,
monadelphous, filaments united into a short, fleshy,
4-sided, sub-capitate androphore, covered with anthers;
with or without a minute, rudimentary pistil.
§ I. Connectivum o f the anthers 4-sided, with apolli-
niferous cell in each side, fo u r angled at the apex.
Observation.—The extension of these cells, causing
the absorption of two of the partitions, would produce
the form which distinguishes the next section, the more
usual form of the genus, and if all the four partitions
were absorbed, the l-celled anthers which constitutes
the distinctive peculiarity of the 3 section would result:
hence 4 cells may perhaps be considered the 'normal
structure, and the other forms transitions caused, by an
excessive development of pollen from the operation of
some yet unknown cause,
6. G. Kydiana (Roxb.) Hort. Bengalensis. G. Kydia
Roxb. FI. Ind. not W. and A. Prod.
This is I suspect the species to which Mr. Brown alludes
in his letter to Dr. Graham, where he says, “ but
it is right to add, that approaches to this structure, and
which serve to explain its analogy with the ordinary
structure of the family, exist in Garcinia.”
§ II. Anthers oblong, %celled, dehiscing longitudinally,
introrse-
A. Fruit globose, not furrowed.
7. G. pedunculata, (Roxb.) Flowers terminal, long
peduncled: male—fascicled; female—solitary, or two or
three from the same branch: fruit very large: (2 pounds
weight) leaves obovate, cuniate, membranacious, marked
with numerous prominent parallel veins.
A stately tree about 60 feet high. The leaves of this
species differ from those of all'the others of.the genus,
8. G. paniculata, (Roxb.) Male—flowers panibled;
panicles axillary, many flowered; female-racemose,
subsessile; racemes terminal: fruit globose, small,
4-seeded.
The fruit of this species, raised in Calcutta, is represented
as about the size of a cherry, that of native specimens
received from Silhet about twice as large. The
former greatly resembles that of G. morella, Gasrtner,
9. G.purpuria, (Roxb.) Leaves obovate, lanceolate,
acuminated: male—flowers longish pedicelled, aggregated,.
4-8 congested in the terminal axils, 2-4 in the
lateral ones: column of stamens short, capitate, filaments
free, for a short distance at the apex; anthers few,
(12-20) occasionally one or two in the centre, simulating
a rudimentary ovary : fruit globose, not furrowed, 4.-8
seeded, whole fruit deep purple.
Roxburgh received specimens of this plant from Malabar,
under the name of Mahi Mangostan. The specimens
from which this character is taken, were communicated,
by Dr. Wallich, from the Calcutta Botanic garden, and
of course identical with Roxburgh’s, Rumph. Amb.—-3
to 32, may be cited as a figure of this plant, though a
oitterent species, except that his is the female, mine the
male plant, but having full grown, detached, fruit, which ,
seems to correspond in size and form with the Amboyna
one. f
acuminate: Male—flowers axillary, and terminal,
solitary, short pedicelled; stamen's all united, anthers
capitate; in the female about 20, filaments dilated at
JJe base, and united, forming a ring round the base of
I p 0vai7> splitting irregularly into several fascicles,
sugma 6-8 lobed, fruit somewhat obovate, 6-8 celled.
dioica. ? Blume, Bijd. 1, page 21.5,
Native o f Silhet.
. i S i t S has figured the female plant only, I am in-
„ . a f f 0 Dr- Wallich for the specimens which have
2 § f i to characterize the male one—It is closely
*yueq to the former but quite distinct.
11. ? G. Cochin-chinensis (Choisy). Leaves ovate, oblong,
acute, flowers lateral, congested, white; short peduncled
: berry, reddish yellow, pear-shaped.
Hab.— China and India.
Rumphius, Herb. Amb. 3-32, is the authority for this
species—it seems referable to this section, but is too
imperfectly known to be referred to, with certainty.
B. Fruit globose or oval, furrowed.
To this section a long list of names belong, but I suspect
very few species: at least,, if each name really belongs
to a distinct species I must confess my inability to
find marks among the characters assigned by which to
distinguish them. The following is the list of names
referable to this section.
G. Cambogia, (Desrous) G. Cambogia, (Roxb.) G.
Zeylanica, (Roxb.) G. Cowa, (Roxb.) G. Ajflnis, (W.
and A.) G. Kydia, (W. and A. not Roxb.) ? G. Indica,
Choisy.
These may be thus grouped and briefly defined.
12. G. Cambogia, (Desrous, Moon’s Catalogue of Ceylon
plants, not Roxb.) Fruit somewhat elongated, tapering
a little at the ends, furrows broad, with angular edges,
and'intervening flattened, or but slightly rounded ridges,
fruit yellow.
G. Kydia, (W. and A.) ? G. Indica, Choisy, and
D. C. Rheede, Hort. Mal. I tab, 24.
This species I have now found at Courtallum, in Malabar,
and in Ceylon; different specimens vary somewhat
in the appearance of their foliage, and in the number
and position of their flowers, but all agree in having the
ridges and furrows alike square, as if cut artificially?
This to my mind is unquestionably the plant figured
by RheeSe, and therefore the Garcinia Cambogia of
Desrousseaux, and all subsequent authors who have followed
him, but is not the Cambogia Gutta described by
Linnasus, FI. Zeyl. No. 195 : neither is it Garcinia Cara-
bogia Roxb. if his figure and description are correct,
as both represent a plant having globose fruit, with
narrow sloping furrows and intermediate semicircular
ridges or eostas like those o f a melon. For these reasons
I consider Roxburgh’s plant a species distinct from
Rheede’s, but not distinct (so far as I can judge from his
figure and definition) from his own G. cowa and G. Z e y lanica,
in both of which, the fruit is described as spherical
and torose (swelling over the seeds) which is indeed
the only mark on which it appears to me the slightest
dependence can be placed. These species therefore
I unite, assigning one specific name, for the whole.
13. G. Roxburgii (R. W.) Fruit globose, 6-8, furrowed;
furrows narrow, sloping towards the bottom: intermediate
costae or ridges rounded: male—-flowers aggregated
or solitary, axillary, or terminal: female—flowers
usually, solitary, nearly sessile, sometimes, when terminal,
two or three together.
. G. Cambogia, Roxb. cor. pi. 3-298—FI. Ind. 2-621,
not Desrous: G. Zeylanica, Roxb. FI. Ind. 2-621, G.
Cowa, Roxb. FI. Ind. 2-622, W. and A. Prod. 1-10L
Garcinia affinis (W. and A.)
The depth of the furrows varies, they are deeper in
G. Cambogia, less so in G. Zeylanica and Cowa, but in
all totally different from those of the preceding.
I have not quoted Linnaeus’ Cambogia Gutta for
either of these, though it seems the general opinion of
Botanists that it belongs to the former. This opinion
however, his brief description of the plant before him
in the flora Zeylanica, shows to be erroneous, and proves
almost to demonstration that that it is Dr. Graham’s
Hebradendron. The following are his words “ Rami
oppositi. Folia lanceolato-ovata, integerima, pefiolata,