second 8, and the third 4. This- arrangement is nearly
the same as Choisy’s in DeOaudolle’s Prod, namely—*:,
sepals 4, or 2, or wanting, the last section very unphiloso-
phical. The first step therefore in the process of reducing a
species of Calophyllum is easy, not so the subsequent
ones, especially where there is a considerable number
of forms to be reduced, owing to the characters of the
species being generally so loosely constructed that it
seems next to impossible to say to what form they are
limited; such, strange to say, are those even of Roxburgh,
and not being as usual, aided by full descriptions,
leaves tli,e whole involved in doubt and uncertainty.
Whether I shall be able to draw more precise characters
is uncertain, but to prevent my meaning being
mistaken I shall publish figures of all the species of
which I have specimens, and trust Dr. Wallich will
enable me to add, so far as they extend, the figures left
by Dr. Roxburgh.
§ I. Leaves o f the Pereanth 12—(4. sepals and 8
petals.)
1. C. Walker.it, (R. W.) A large tree, branches terete,
leaves nearly round or obcordate, very thick and coriaceous:
racemes axillary, congested on the ends of the
branches, the extreme ones (from the abortion of the
leaves) forming a terminal panicle, exterior pair of
sepals much smaller than the interior, inner row of
petals smaller than the outer, fruit sphaerical, about the
size of a pretty large cherry, pericarp very thick and
coriaceous.
Newera Ellia Ceylon, at an elevation o f 7000 feet—
also on Adam’s peak, but there a smaller tree.
This magnificent species, which I have dedicated to
my friend Colonel Walker, from whom I first received
specimens, is observed to flower only once in three years.
The figure I may here remark, which was made from a
dried specimen, does not give a very good idea of the
magnificence of the inflorescence, owing to its being in
rather too young a state.
2. C. Blumii, ,,(R. W.) “ Leave’s obovate, elliptic, obtuse,
or emarginate; ramuli terete: flowers laxly, racemose;
racemes axillary, solitary; pedicels 1-flowered,
sub-opposite. (Calyx 4 sepals, caducous: petals 8, unequal,
white. Stamens. numerous, 5-6 adelphous at the
base; anthers oblong, opening by two pores,- (apice
‘2 perforates). Ovary 1-seeded;. style filiform, indexed:
stigma capitate: nut l-seeded.*|£—Blume.
Calophyllum inopliyllum—-Blume, Bijd. 1, page 217-
The above character is copied from Blume, I do not
know the plant, but the 4 sepals and 8 petals prove that
it cannot be C. inopliyllum.
§ II. Leaves of the Perianth 8 (sepals 4, petals 4.)
3. C. inophyllitm,(Lm. ) Branches terete: leaves elliptical,
passing into obovate, sometimes emarginate, racemes
axillary, loose: exterior sepals smaller, interior about
equal to the petals (pure white)’ all petaloid: stamens
numerous, irregularly polyadelphous near the base:
ovary globose, (reddish purple) elevated on a short gyno-
phore: fruit sphaerical, about the size of a large cherry.
C. inopliyllum, Choisy and others, excluding Rumphius’
synonym— Pohna marum, Rhee,de, Hort. Mai. 4,
t. 38.
A very beautiful tree, with delightfully fragrant flowers,
frequent in Malabar, more rare on the Coromandel
coast.
The timber of this tree, though coarse grained, is considered
very valuable for some purposes in ship-building,
and the seeds afford a good lamp oil.
'4. C. Bintagor, (Roxb.Fl. Ind. 2-607.) “ Twigs cylin-
dric, leaves oblong, emarginate, base, tapering, lucid,
finely veined” (Roxb.) fruit large, about the size of a
small apple or billiard ball, spherical, fleshy.
This species I only know from Roxburgh’s imperfect
character and Rumphius’ figure, which Roxburgh says,
“ is a bad figure of this beautiful tree.” Rumphius
however is so great an admirer of the tree, that his description
is quite poetical, but much too diffuse for quotation,
his figure is usually quoted for C. inopliyllum.
5. C. tomentosum, (R. W.) Young shoots square, and
with the petipls and peduncles of the flowers, thickly
clothed with ferruginous tomentum: leaves varying from
oval to narrow lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, undulated
on the margin, racemes axillary, loose, few flowered
: fruit—.
Ceylon.—Colonel Walker.
Of this species there are two very distinct varieties,
one with oval leaves ending in a short abrupt blunt acumen,
and much undulated on the margin, "the other
with long, rather narrow lanceolate leaves, tapering to
a fine point at each end, and very slightly undulated,
but in both the tomentose, rusty coloured, square ramuli
are conspicuous, in both the axils of the leaves are furnished
with similarly clothed buds, and in both the
branches are terminated by a larger oblong 'bud, like
those of trees of temperate climates, indicating that
this is a deciduous species from the higher parts of the
island, a point however on which I am not informed.
6. C. angustifolium, (Roxb. FI. Ind. 2-608.)’,” Twigs
cylindrical. Leaves-short petioled, lanceolate, with
lengthened somewhat obtuse points, lucid, finely veined:
flowers in axillary fascicles, pedicels with a cyathi-
form apex.” Roxb.
A native of Prince of Wales’ Island said to be a tree
of great size, and to afford the masts and spars known
under the name of Peon.
7- C. spetabile, (Willd. and Choisy, in D. C.’s Prod.
1-562.) “ Leaves elliptic, lanceolate, or rarely: ovate-
elliptic, usually acute at both ends: ramuli terete:
flowers laxly, racemose: racemes axillary, peduncles
1-flowered, usually opposite.
Rumph. Amb. 2-72, is quoted as a figure of this plant,
but I suspect without consulting the description from
which I feel disposed to refer the Amboyna plant to the
next section. These three are possibly the same species,
but the characters of neither of the two last, as
here quoted, are reconcilable with mine, nor do they
sufficiently quadrate with each -other, to admit of my
uniting them without reference to specimens.
8. C. decipiens, (R. W.) Young shoots'square, leaves
from oval to obovate, emarginate, or sometimes obcordate,
firm and coriaceous, racemes axil lary, or from
the scares of fallen leaves, few flowered, pedicels,
rather short (about half an inch) : sepals 4: petals 4
caducous: stamens numerous: fruit small, oval, somewhat
attenuated at both ends.
C. calaba, Lin. partly. Lind. FI. Med.-—C. apetalum,
Willd.—C. spurium, Choisy, in D. C. Prod. 1-563, W. and
A. Prod. 1-103.—Rheede, Hort. Mai. 4-39—not Burm.
Thes. Zel.-60.
Willdenow’s examination of this plant led him to the
' conclusion that it had no petals, hence he called it
C. apetalum. Choisy on the other hand, but apparently
without examining a flower for his own satisfaction,
arrived by some means unknown to me-(not having his
memoir to consult) at the very unphilosopliical conclusion
that it had four petals and no calyx, aim hence he
called it C. spurium. Mr. Arnott and I afterwards reexamined
flowers,and concluded both were wrong,and that
theflower had 2 sepal sand 2 petals, and therefore adopted
Choisy’s name as the better of the two, though we thought
both bad. I have now ascertained-that Wilktenow was the
nearer right of the three, but that we are all wrong.
The examination of flower-buds before anthesis invariably
showed a perianth of eight parts, while flowers after '
anthesis as regularly showed one of four, and these the
exterior calycine series,The interior or coroloide ones
haying disappeared—being then neither apetalous, nor
spurious, from the absence of its calyx, I have judged it
advisable to give a new name, and have .selected one
equally expressive of past and, possibly, present blunders,
which will not, I conceive, require further alteration.
§ III. Leaves of the Perianth 4—( sepals 2, petals 2 ?
or sepals 4, petals 0 ? ) Apoterium, Blume.
9. C. Moonii, (R.W.) Ramuli terete, leaves long, linear
lanceolate* (8-12 inches long, l£ broad) acute, floral ones
about oval: flowers short pedicelled, forming numerous
small umbellate panicles: panicles axillary, .solitary,
congested towards the ends of the branches, forming together
large leapv terminal panicles: floral envelopes 4,
the interior pair the larger: fruit—.
C. long folium, Moon’s MSS. not Willdenow.
Ceylon.— Eastern Korle, Moon.
This plant seems only to have been found by Mr.
Moon—and the specimen before me is not, such as to
admit of a very perfect character being made from it.
The very lpng lanceolate leaves of the ol der branches (the
larger ones at least a foot in length) and the smaller
almost oval floral ones, mixed with the large terminal,
very many flowered, panicles, seem to indicate, that the
tree when in full flower, must be one of surpassing
beauty.
10. C. Burmanni, (R.W.) Young shoots, quadrangular,
tomentose, leaves oval or slightly obovate, spatbulate,
sometimes sub-emarginate, panicles small, axillary, few
flowered, pedicels opposite, usually longer than the
peduncles, furnished at the base with a small deciduous
bractea: perianth four-leaved, fruit small, globose, or
very slightly oval.
C. calaba, Lin. partly.—Bunn. Thes. Zeyl. tab. 60.
Ceylon*
Barman’s fignre I consider the typical form of this
species and is a good representation of the plant so far
as it goes, the fruit only being required to render it*
nearly perfect, but there is now before me another form
which I am uncertain whether to consider a species or
a variety. The forms of the leaves are nearly the same,
hut .more decidedly oval and much smaller, the in-./;
florescence also differs a little ; in both it is imperfectly
umbellate panicled, but in this the flowers are much more
numerous and the peduncles and pedicels shorter, the
structure, however, of the flower is the same: the fruit I
have, not seen, and while it remains unknown I prefei-
considering this form a variety rather than a species.
/3 parvifolium, young shoots quadrangular, tomentose:
leaves from oval, to obovate, spathulate, tapering towards
the base: peduncles axillary, several flowered, rarely
one flowered, pedicels opposite,/short, furnished at the
base, with a minute deciduous bractea: perianth fourleaved:
fruit— . :
I have a second variety from Mergui intermediate between
the Ceylon ones. It has the larger leaves and
small fruit of the first with the short umbellate panicles
°fthe.second; and has in addition the bracteee, which
m the Ceylon plants are very small, almost inconspicuous
and early deciduous, as long as the pedicels and as
permanent as the flowers.
7 bractiatum. Leaves oblong oval or obovate, very obtuse,
often emarginate at the apex: panicles much shorter
than the leaves, axillary, pedicels short, almost concealed
by the lanceolate, acute, pubescent bractea: fruit
globose.
Mergui.—Griffith Herb. Nos. 439 and 595—Flower
and fruit. Apoterium sulatri. ? Blume.
11. C. tetrapetala, (Roxb.) “ Leaves short petioled, oval,
lanceolate, yery ■ finely serrulate: umbels axillary:
corolla 4-petaled.” Roxb. FI. Ind. 608.
Moluccas.—rOf this species I know nothing beyond
; what is expressed in the above brief character.— It how-
fever belongs to this section, as he considers all the
leaves of the pereanth petals, and characterizes the
genus as having an 8 petaled corolla.
Species imperfectly known.
12. C. surega, (Buch. Roxb.) ‘(Leaves linear, oblong,
flowers verticelled below the leaves.” Roxb. FI. Ind.
2-608.
13. C. ? lanceolarium, (Roxb. FI.Ind.2-608.) “ Twigs
square, leaves lanceolar, obtuse, lucid, finely veined”
(acute at the base, Blume) Roxb. 1. c. C. lanceolatum.
Blume, Bijd. 1-217.
Muritias.—jNeither Roxburgh nor Blume have seen
the flowers of this plant, our knowledge of its genus is
therefore only conjectural.
14. C. polyanthum, Wall. L. 4844.
15. C ? marginatum, 4845.
16. C. relusum, 4846.
17. C. pulcherimum, 4848.
18. C. amcenum, 4849.
19. C. mesuafolium, 4850.
20. C. longifolium, 4851. “ Certe non hujus
generis.” (Wall.)
Kayea—Wall.
Sepals 4, petals 4. (scarcely longer than the calyx)
Staprens numerous, filaments united at the base; anthers
orbicular, cells curved round the edge of abroad circular
connectivum. Ovary free, 1-celled, with several (-4) erect
ovules attached to the base. Style one, stigma 4-lobed.
Fruit— . / • ' ;
A very large handsome tree, young shoots slightly
4-sided—leaves opposite, approximated towards the
ends of the branches, coriaceous, linear, lanceolate,
acute. Panicles axillary and terminal, many flowered,
congested near the ends of the branches, and forming bv
their union large terminal panicles.
K . fioribunda, Wall. PI. As. Ran 3, page 5, tab. 210.
This genus is very nearly allied to Calophyllum, agreeing
with it in habit, inflorescence, and generally, in the
structure of the flowers. But in this the connectivum
of the anther is dilated so that the pollen cells, in place
of being approximated and parallel to each other, are
remote and bent, being curved round its edges: and the
ovary, in place of one, has four erect ovules. The two
together form very sufficient grounds for keeping the
genera separate. Kayea in short, .stands in the same
relation to Calophyllum that Gynotroches does to Gar-
cinia. The cells of the ovary of Gynotroches have 3
ovules, while they are solitary in Garcinia. The ovary
of Kayea has 4 ovules, while in Calophyllum it is solitary.
One plant appertaining to this order, yet remains to
be noticed, though rather imperfectly known, as it evi