I 70 . N A T . U R A L H I S T O R Y
fir timber upon them, they difp©fe conveniently of a gfeat partdbf
jb e deads ’, an oeponamywhiehhas W« gooi?efe<a?i it&eslthëex-
pence of bringing foqfc'deads. up to the forfàee*, and, by filling the
fiflure at proper intervals, it prevents the adjpinihg^rsta frdm preff-
ing the walls o f the fiffure togfobp%which might otherwife be o f
fatal confeqpenees. , That the common labourers may be employed
without confufion in breaking and railing the pre, the captains fee
that they be properly dilpofed in the lèverai parts-of the mine* that
they have neceflary tools and implements ready provided j they
are to examine the; Hate of the mine, and provide for its fefcurlty ;
fee that the adit be found and clear, that the fhafts, hollows and
loofer parts of the mine, be well propped With timber ; /they are tf>
to fee that proper communications be made and maintained between
the lèverai works of the mine ' , more efpeçiallÿ are they to infpedt
the ores, infill that they may be as fpeedily btqke, as carefully fe-
parated from the deads ând -fertfi t each 1 dthayp and as honellly
brought up for the; owner’s ufe, .a s may be;, But indeed their
chief care, and what requires foekbcönftaotllrfft .'jandîajtteâÜ:ôtt,.-&-
the management of the water, which in the Cornifh mines is generally
very troublcfome, every eranny that throwing forth
it’s water into the cavity where the miners work. T o obviate this-
mconveniency the captain Ihould be 4 kind of engineer, and well
know how to çolleâ, divert, and : conduit, • as; well as ïaifo the
water. It is not expfcâed indeed that thé captains of mines Ihèuld
know how to build, repair, Or testifye the d feveral /jefagfoefe; t for
foch purpofes there is a profelfed undertaker, or engineer, but the
captain is to take, care that the engineer has immédiate notice, as foon
as any thing goes amifs, that he has proper materials, and without
delay attends to remedy the diforder. In order to Jthi1^ i the water
mull be convey’d over and befide the paflages, and crofs the open-
ings of the mine by fide drifts and gutters, fo as aH that poflibly
can may run off by the common drain I, I ; what is below that'
level mull be cplleâed and drawn up to the adit; Where there
are two lodes (as here, PL XVIII.) there mull be duits o f communication,
as ƒ <z, Qjz, Pig. a . which lèrve to convey the water o f
the north lode into the ciftern £, made in the fouth lode.
sect. xrn. From lùch eifterns, jüdicioully placed, the water is raifed to the
Hydraulic^ fometimesby large buckets (in the Cornilh tongue called
»Cornwall.Kibbals)'bell managed by the engine called the Whim, confifting of
a perpendicular axis, on which turns a large hollow cylinder of timber
(called the Cage) round.which the rope (being directed down the lhaft
* See horizontal planks from 5 to* 6, and from 7 to 8, Fig. 1. L in« PI. xviri. * See m rhrQ,a, Fig. II. ib.
by
O F v M iO R lN W A' L L. 1 1
• by a pulley fixed pè^èûdicularlf ofërfoé öpenihgfofithêfhaft, winds ’ J
i horizontally * •. this l *%*tihflrfvéïfë btfafo ififliÉd, äfo the fod
■ of which twb horfes fàltehed- gë .fhëi? fBtiiid^, and^drati' ifiöfè or \
iels according to the
■ thé largèöefi öf-the barréls/Sald^ë’d ^ f i f ï f 't ö f o ih v . ^his is
an engine^ which can only wóïkr ; in ä'perpendibulat fhaft, if the
lode ^ödérliés éd^fidèfably it càhfiôt t>èi ùfèçl. v
. Another w^ter,-engine which foe Cpmifo ufe is the r%g and çh{iinry%*.g ù
it 4onfifts ,óf an no^cqgm (tnabs cloth ' ( £çnç’d and' ftif- cha“ ‘
"feû’d‘,witÿ teffihûT ^efwfot ^ ^ j^ , ; | | | ^ ^ e tE^ n 4 erd foe chain
\,rQTLÿçvdt1 diameter, futjnifh’d
wifo’ ap|tkpep,lfead3h fo§i.#hhi^;;fo
'tifot.rt.m^ through a,wogdep .pump p f foppt fo r or eighü infogs
a ^ r!tiy^vef0o£^^een3^e|:,fpng,;,and by foeansfol-the leathbr»*
knobs hring up wifo it a llream o f water anfwerable to , the d-iametfcr
o f the pump, and m quantity according to the eficumXphi&pns of
foe foheeLin apy giyep tirpç* This enginè is yvork^d fpfoally.lly
hand, but where plenty of .water can be had, ‘Jtullä
moor, much more eflëéhially and fiugally by lmall ,\yàtt‘r-wh©els.
Several *of foefe pumps may pie placed parallel upon diffèrent liages
bf the mine, as at p ^ p . f p g , p É , Fig, PL XVIII.
_ .. Qtjrer pumps they have allo,- as. t:he h^4rTP4E^r:4®djthLé force-
pump, .which lficp^foe rag and èhain wifl.dp weJLfo finall depths
in all jjtmps, • and foe' foil fiaté
ings into foe lode, boore the:ftôpes can proceed.
More effectual is the watcsr-tvheel and bobs, an engine whofe Waterwheel
power is anlwerable to foe diameter of the wheel, and the îéhgtii and,bo6ï-
o f the bobs follened to it’s axis by large iron cranks ; a perpendicular
rod o f timber to each end o f the bobs, works a pifton jn a
wooden, OP (which is far better) a braß hollow cjdîhdèf, and fod
quantity o f water exhäüfted will be in proportion to foe bore of did
cylinder, and the number o f tiöiéè which thè pillon moves üjî and
down in any given Ipaceb
This is an engine very eligiblë where a fofficient quantity bf
water may be procured, büt' -tó- fonun^, -■ ijtu ,fupe^dM^ßä0-.''1m'
Cornwall (where wé have few -great rivers, and our bfboks have no
long courfe, and the mines are generally ón high gröund) falls
muchj ,lb that many of foélè engines cannot work fifefo Ma^ o S
June to Oélober; a great hindrance at that fealbn Of the year
when men can labour-longer and with more fpirit than during the
other months.
“ Pits made in the bottom-of (he Rilue fs; the water, -OR-for trying in depth" beyond the general
workings.
j This*