constricted part of the mandible, and then rises more rapidly to the same level, passing into the convex
border of the core. The suture between the preinaxillary and ento-nasal plate corresponds to a faint
groove which passes forwards, and towards the centre of the stem attains its edge, thus defining the
elongated triangular external segment of the ento-nasal plate, one inch eight lines long, and two lines and
a half broad at its base; behind, it is continued upwards on the frontal slope, separating the inner margin of
the nasal from the terminal extremity of the premaxillary nasal process; in front, it advances on the under
surface of this process, divergmg from its edge; it then bends more suddenly inwards for a short space, and
about an inch from the distal extremity of the nasal process, retrogrades mid speedily meets its fellow in the
median line. The thin lancet-shaped extremities of the ento-nasal plates are thus defined, their apices being
separated by the interposition of the nasal process; the ento-nasal plates continue to meet as far backwards
as the free edge of the inter-olfactory septum; but where the mesial beam covers that septum and the
turbinated ala3, they diverge to pass into the respective bodies of the nasals. This portion of the mesial
beam is hence thinner and more flexible, and its upper surface, together with that of the adjacent ecto-nasal
limbs, is excavated or thinned away in a semilunar tract, convex forwards, so as to give increased flexibility
to the mandibular hinge; the greatest antero-posterior diameter of tliis tract is about eight lines, and it is
minutely striated longitudinally.
The depressed posterior moiety of the nasal process is thus supported by the ento-nasal plates, which
are concave laterally and meet below in a crest subsiding behind; so that the mesial beam is carinate
inferiorly in its central moiety, and its section triangular; a groove furrows the keel posteriorly. The
primitive division of the nasal process is also indicated by a very faint mesial groove, more perceptible
posteriorly on the frontal slope, anteriorly it traverses the floor of the depression on the flattened posterior
portion of the convex border of the core.
The wedge-shaped core supporting the short gnathotheca, is two mches long and about one inch
four lines high in the centre; its greatest breadth is one inch one line. The lateral surfaces converge very
gradually, are gently convex, and inferiorly towards the lower edge slightly impressed: a series of seven
foramina occur on the right side, half an inch above the inferior border; the anterior is the largest, and
forms the termination of the vascular canal, whose entrance is seen at the rcntrant angle, between the nasal
and maxillary processes; short divergent offsets from it open outwards, giving rise to the other foramina
of that range; another set of four in number runs parallel to the upper border, the posterior is the largest,
the anterior are narrow and slit-like, they are also the emergent orifices of vascular canals ascending from
the primary one. Smaller foramina occur over the intervening space, which is also minutely grooved by
the impressions of venous radicles. The upper border is gently convex, flattened and grooved behind;
but sharper in front and prolonged into the feebly decurved apex, which is rounded off and not acuminated.
The palatine surface is concave, and bounded laterally by sharp alveolar edges, which are slightly
involute; it is perforated by numerous large vascular apertures, and traversed by a mesial ridge; the
palatine fissure grooves it posteriorly, widening out immediately before its termination to transmit the
palatine nerves and vessels. The gently festooned alveolar edge is prolonged forwards into that of the
apex, behind which it is concave inferiorly; it then descends towards the base of the core; and, lastly, rises
into the line which separates the external surface of the lateral beam from the palatine tuberosity, which
has its apex at the most constricted part of the mandible: this line ascends towards the root of the zygoma.
The base of the mandible and the lateral stem anteriorly present indications, in the opened-out osseous
texture, of the domesticated condition in which the individual lived. The posterior angles of the external
nasal fissures are nearly obliterated by the increasing breadth of the mesial beam as it retrogrades, and are
closed by cellulo-fibrous tissue; the nostrils opening in front at the grooves formerly described.
The strong sigmoidal zygoma is formed by the malar and zygomatic styles, which coalesce at an early
period; the distinction between the malar and maxillary bones is obliterated sooner; it descends obliquely
backwards, as already mentioned, at an angle of 125°, with the posterior or basal edge of the maxilla, and
attains the lower and outer angle of the tympanic, after a course of two inches seven lines and a half. Erom
its origin, at the junction of the ecto-nasal limb with the maxilla, it is directed backwards and slightly outwards
to the prefrontal; behind, it is strongly arched externally, beneath the orbit; in the downward flexion
of the upper mandible, the hinder extremity of the anterior segment touches the prefrontal, which is flattened
and granular at the point of contact; in the relaxed condition, it is separated by a chink, one line in
breadth. The anterior portion is triangularly prismatic; the outer vertical surface is furrowed; the lower
presents the prolongation of the upper angle of the maxillary pneumatic foramen into a deep groove; the
upper is bevelled off inwards to the lower: all these surfaces are rough and striated. The long posterior
segment is compressed vertically, and slightly contracted at each extremity; the upper smooth surface produced,
as it were, by the flattening of the upper edge of the anterior portion, is convex, and directed downwards
and outwards in its anterior moiety, but grooved longitudinally behind; the inner edge is smooth
and rounded posteriorly, and flattened vertically opposite the prefrontal; the outer is tliicker behind than in
front, where it overhangs the inferior groove, it rises into the upper edge of the prismatic portion: the
inferior surface slopes upwards and inwards, and is faintly furrowed lengthwise at each end. The posterior
extremity presents a convex articular facet, directed inwards, and adapted to the pit on the lower and outer
angle of the tympanic; a groove surrounds its neck for the attachment of the capsular ligament; the outer
edge anterior to it, is covered by articular cartilage, on which the external mandibular ligament glides. The
greatest breadth is two lines, and the depth one and a half.
The vertically spoon-shaped palatine bones, separated by a narrow chink anteriorly, arch outwards
from each other behind, and finally approximate on the rostrum; they enclose between them the inferior
nasal fissure, divided in the recent state by the membraneous septum, into the choanal. Each palatine is
formed of a scimitar-shaped sub-horizontal lamina (crest), with the cutting edge external, attached anteriorly
to the maxillary, five hues in front of its angle; posteriorly towards the rapidly incurving point, the
back is flattened into an oblong plate moulded to the rostrum, on which it glides; a triangular curved
lamella (nasalprocess) rises from its inner concave edge into the lachrymal vacuity, while a similar plate
(palatine process) descends to bound the inferior nasal aperture.
The crest is thin, flexible, and horizontal anteriorly, where it is adapted to the tuberosity of the
maxilla; behind, it diminishes from without slightly in breadth, is thickened and twisted on its axis so as
to shelve downwards; it also curves outwards, and lastly sweeps inwards, contracting, to be attached to the
anterior moiety of the lower edge of the sphenoidal plate; the outer edge of the free portion is thus
concave in front and convex behind ; the inner is uniformly concave.
The nasal process forms an elongated triangular curved plate, with the apex in front; concave towards
the nasal cavity, and inclining slightly outwards below towards its lower border, which is attached to the
inner margin of the crest: it is bent rapidly inwards, to be attached by its posterior edge, in an oblique
line directed downwards and backwards, to the anterior edge of the sphenoidal plate : its upper border, in
its anterior moiety, is separated by a narrow fissure from the antrum; behind it is slightly emarginate
on cither side of a convex projection; tliis border gives attachment to the fibrous membrane of the subocular
sinus, which stretches from the antrum to the inferior ala of the ethmoid; its concavity opens
upwards in front of the olfactory fossa, and is prolonged downwards by the palatine plate.
The palatine process is a low, triangular, and slightly curved lamina; its anterior margin is convex,