of these animals, in cmtepariaon wilff each other, and with
man. Tyson, Gamper, and eariiei* anatomists, who have
written on the structure of the .Stmise, founded ail -their Gb^
serrations on ©ran» of immature ag e : henee their remarks
on the facial angle, teeth, and the relative proportions o f the
cranium and the face, are erroneous .when applied to the
adult animal, and hare: led, as Mr. Gwen has clearly proved,
to an opinion that the transition from mankind to the Sirnise
is much more gradual than itjiealiy isJ? I t : is well known
that in the immature and undeveloped state, anatomical relations
are in many instances nearer than they appear when
the entire'being is perfected, and prepared for all the functions
for which nature has destined it. Thus the human foetus is
well known to have a separate intermaxillary bone in common
with the JBimise and other'inferior animals, while the
absence of this separate structure in man has ever been regarded
as one of his distinctive anatomical characters. Ifis n o
mattertof surprise,that when the skull ofthe young chimpanzee
wasexamined attheperiod when thesmalLdeciduous teeth only1
are developed, the resemblance to,the human -cranium should
have been found surprisingly d o se. The brain in the ape
attains its full size a t a very early period : it is not destined
for further developement like the human b rainconsequently
at the* age when the jaws become enlarged and lengthened
with the increase of the maxillary apparatus, and the zygo-
matic arch is extended without any -corresponding downward
growth and developement of the brain,.or -extension o f its
containing cavity, the proportions of the cranium to the j aws
undergo a material change. In the earlier period, when the
cranial portion of the head preponderates over the facial and
maxillary part, it approximates proportionally N to the human
form, the facial angle is wide, the occipital foramen is more
central, and the zygomatic arches, when the basis ofthe skull
is examined, appear confined to the anterior half of the cranium.
All these characters of resemblance are surprisingly
changed when adult skulls are compared. I t then-appears,
* Mem. on the osteology of the Chimpanzee and Orang Utan, by Richard Owen,
Esq., F.R.S., &c. . Zoolog. T t. Vol. i. p. 343.
•as Mr. Owen has shown, that strongly marked and most important
characters...distinguish the quadrumamous type from
that o fth e human skull. The eranduta, properly so termed,
is-a> small rounded Asase, and is altogether ^posterior to, and
not at all above the' feee. The awfeito-posterior diameter of
the toa^s of the skull is very much longer than in man: the
most striking circumstance which displays this difference is
the • different'-Situation occupied by the zygomatic arch
in the plane o f ' tlilf n a ^ 3of theiiSkull. In all races of
men, and even in human idiots, the entire ■ zygonaa is
included in the anterior half of the basis erani-i; in th e head
of*the adult troglodyte or diimpanzeej- as well as in that of the
satyr or'©rang, the zygoma is situated'in the middle T-egion of
the skull, and in the ‘basis occupies ju s t one third part of the
entire ferogth of its diameter. Posterior to th e zygomata, the
petrous portions have in the simise a large developement in the
anteroposterior direction. Another most remarkable character,
i& fidspeti; to whibh those anatomists- have bden
greatly deceived who compared only young troglodytes with
man, 'is the position of the great occipital foramen, a feature
most important as to the general character of ••structure, and
to the habits'o fth e whole being. This foramen in the human
head * is very near the middle of the basis of the skull, or
rather it is situated immediately behind the middle transverse
diameter, while l a the adult chimpanzee -it as placed in the
middle of the posterior third part of the basis .cranii.* A
third characteristic in the ape is the greater size and deve-
* I do-not know whether the phrenologists have yet succeeded to then; own
satisfaction in reconciling with their doctrine the apparent contradiction which has
resulted from the rfesearehes of Mr. Owen. I t seems that the portion of the cranial
cavity most defective in space, when the anthropoid ape is compared with man, is
tiie region posterior to the great foramen. Consequently, according to the theory
of proportionate developements, the organs most defective in the ape are those
allotted to amativeness and philo-progenitiveness. Shall we be informed that
satyrs are not amative, and that she-monkeys have no fondness for their offspring ?
Assuredly if we adhere to the fundamental principle of distributing the psychical
properties of species according to the indications afforded by proportionate developements,
we ought to place the faculties which chiefly distinguish men from the
brutes in that part of the head which in mankind assumes so signal an augmentation
of space; namely, in the occiput.