obferved, and Mr. Bowles appears undoubtedly to be the
firft who has difcovered any remains of volcanos in that
kingdom, which is the more remarkable, in a country
where they have fo many individuals that mud have feen
thofe famous ones o f Pinchina, Cotopaxi and Chimborafo
in Peru, the moft extraordinary and amazing volcanos
in the world; 'with refpect therefore to the Spaniih volcanos,
I fhall confine myfelf to fuch fails regarding their
appearance as are ftated by Mr. Bowles, and for the confe-
quences to be drawn from them, mu ft refer to what has
been already faid on this fubjeet,. and to the great book
of nature that lies open before us. I have feen, fays
Mr. Bowles, many mountains in Spain with evident ligns
of volcanic conflagrations, no account of which is handed
down by record, or even any tradition remaining : between
Almagro and Corral in La Mancha, near the river
Javalon, on the road to Almaden, pieces of rock may be
feen with evident marks o f fire, and many ftones rather
weighty may be feen lying in the fields of a footy colour
inwardly and outwardly, with all the appearance o f having
once been in a ftate of fufion.
There is a great mountain near the fea, between Car-
thagena and Murcia, where there has been a volcano,
the aperture of which ftill remains, and is looked upon
by the country people as an inchanted cave ; there are
five fimilar ones in the territory of Murcia, there is one
near Carthagena, with vifible remains o f an alum mine,
having
having this additional circumftance for the more readily
finding it, that there are four fprings of hot water near it.
The red earth, o f Almazarron ufed in the glafs-houfe
at St. Ildefonfo, as well as the other fpecies of red earth
in various parts o f Spain, employed for different pur-
pofes, are undoubtedly produced by volcanos. At the
entrance of Cape de Gat there is a mountain towards the
fea, on the fide next Almeria, confifting chiefly, in one
part, of ftone larger than ones arm, cryftalized in equal
layers, delicately fixed to a certain height, o f a cinereous
colour, as iron was wanting to give them another hue in
the fufion, 'for their ihape evinces the effeft o f having
cooled by degrees, according to the laws o f cryftaliza-
tion; it is true neverthelefs, that there are ores o f a pale
colour, with cryftalized bodies of a perfect white, which
are o f the clafs of vitrefcents ; I have not feen them,
but Mr. Godin informed me, that he had obferved fuch
not well cryftalized, in the high and ftupendoiis mountain
near Quito, covered conftantly with fnow and its
bowels in combuftion, the refult o f a horrible volcano.
In Catalonia, between Gerona and Figueras, near the
fea, there are two pyramidical mountains of equal height,
whofe bafes, touch, having- every appearance of a former
volcano; and though at their bafes imprcfllons o f
fhells are frequently feen ,. they are o f a later date than
the volcano; when thefe petrefailions are found near
volcanos they are proofs of their antiquity.
F f f 2 Thefe