148 BRITISH BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES
Front of mesonotum with darker brown markings resembling in form those of
( .pi/Hc-ari.s and C. delta, but smaller ; a median triangle with its apex pointing
backwards occupies the area between the humeral pits but does not extend
nearly so far back as in the other two species ; joined to this triangle on each
side IS a dark brown stripe which extends from the humeral pit to about the
middle of the mesonotum. Legs mainly brownish, but knees and tarsi paler ;
on the hind legs the extreme tip of femur and base and tip of tibia yellow.
W ings yellow by reflected light, especially in female ; markings uniformly dark
and sharply defined (much more so than in C. ivipunctatus), alike in the two
sexes and showing little variation from the arrangement depicted in Fig. 64 ; a
FIG. e^.—Culicoides fagincus sp. n. ing of (Markings shown rather too faint.)
noteworthy feature is that the lower branch of the median fork is free from
darkening on its basal half (except for the spot at the base), whereas in Cimpunctatus
it is continuously darkened. Hairs of membrane in female spread
over most of distal half of wing and on lower half of anal area, in male almost
confined to distal third, the cubital fork being almost or quite bare.
I \ I A L E HYPOPYGIUM : Tergite of distinctive form ; processes very short,
distal margin between processes convex but with a small rounded excavation
m middle (thus differing from pulicaris and similar species). Sternite with
shallow excavation, membrane bare. Coxite with short hairs on inner face as
in pulicaris, but with little or no trace of hump ; ventral root short. Style not
much enlarged at tip. Aedeagus broad, with tip narrowed, antero-ventral
margin well defined. Parameres as \xv pulicaris with a few fine hairs at tip.
H A X T S : Bank, near Lyndhurst ; about 500 and 30$ reared from very
moist and decaying debris taken from a large hollow in a beech-tree attacked by
fungus, vi. 1939 (/. E. Collin). From the same pabulum were reared numerous
specimens of C. obsoletus and of a variety (?) of C. pulicaris, and a few' C.
trimcorum, as well as large numbers of four or five other species of Ceratopogonidae
of the genera Forcipomyia and Dasyheha, besides other Diptera.
R E F E R E N C E S
CARTER. H. F., IXGRAM, A., and :\IACFIE, J. W. S. 1920. Ann. Trop. Aled. and
Parasit.. 14, 187-274.
PoMERAXTZEV, B. I. 1932. :Mag. Paras. Inst. Zool. Acad. Sci. U.R.S.S., 3, 183.
ROOT, F. M. and HOFFMAN, AV. A. 1937. Amer. J. Hyg., 26, 150-176.
T O K U X A G A , M. 1937. Tenthredo, I, 233—337.
VIMMER, A. 1932. Sbornik, 8, 144.
APPENDIX B
" GAD-FLIES "
By the late Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O.
Although at the present day the words Oestrus, Tabanus, ^nA Aszlus used
as generic distinctions, are applied to three very distinct groups of flies b l ^ l t
o as many families, and differing widely m structure^as L l as a habitfin
d a s . c times they appear to have been synonyms. That is to say the ^^r ^s of
Homer, tabanus of Varrò, and aszlus of Vergil was an insect the attacks of
which terrified cattle and caused them to run wildly about ' or a ^ Eng ¡sh
farmers say to "gad." According to Bradley (Murray's "New £ S s t
Dictionary " Vol IV, 1901) the original sense of the substantive l / w h ch
|s derived rom the Old Norse is probably that of ' spike
being similar to that of (from the Old English ^ ^ d T s ^ k
pointed at one end or fitted with a sharp spike and employ d for driving cattt'
especially oxen used in ploughing " ; then, figuratively,somethin^haf n^k:
umtpus, I), Like oxen maddened by the b Odyssey, X X I I 335 ) * orreeeezzee 'ss ssttiinnog- " i(vP ope, ' 1 725 :' •immmmm^figures appears to be the true Hypoderma J Degtr Ì y - ' Th^^^^
pastures ; and h e ^ c J ^ L r c t n t ph^^^^ o T G a Ì r ^ ^^^^ T d ' ^ ^ l ^^^
the attack of this fly is attended wi rre7l H ^ ' '
uncontrollable, and will S e n J n di r - ^^^^
whatever obst;ucts th wÌ; There T s ' t X d
p.oughs, i^ J d i a t e i ^ y - - r i - : : : ; . - w h ^ t ^ e - l i
seen Ì i S T t Ì I ^ ^ - S t^: ^ S f ^ ^ ^^ ^
agiate the.se.ves, run do™ pre.pices, tear^ t ^ r s rga'^l^rstrpÌ:^,?:^
1