I P mm
BRITISH BLOOD-SUCKING FLIES
EDWARDS, F. W. 1926. On the British Biting Midges. Trans. Ent. Soc. London,
1926, 389-426.
EDWARDS, F. W. 1931. Culicoides riethi Kielïer, a new British biting midge.
Entomologist, 64, i.
GOETGHEBUER, M. 1919. Métamorphoses et moeurs du Culicoides pulicaris Linn.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 59, 25-30.
GOETGHEBUER, M. and LENZ, F. 1933-4. Heleidae (Ceratopogonidae). In Lindner's
" Die Fliegen." Stuttgart.
JOBLiNG, B. 1928. The Structure of the Head and Mouth parts in Culicoides pulicaris
L. Bull. Ent. Res., 18, 211-236.
JoBLiNG, B. 1929. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 22, 304.
MAYER, K. 1934. Die Metamorphose der Ceratopogonidae. Arch. Naturg. N. F.,
3, 205-288.
RIETH, J. T. 1915. Die Metamorphose der Culicoidinen. Arch. Hydrobiol., Supp.,
2, 377-442-
SHARP, N. A. D. 192S. Filaria perstans ; its Development in Culicoides austeni.
Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 12, 371-396.
STEWARD, J. S. 1933. Onchocerca cervicalis (Railliet and Henry 1910) and its
Development in Culicoides nubeculosus Mg. Univ. Camb. Inst. Anim. Path.,
3, 272-284.
STEWARD, J. S. 1935. Fistulous Withers and Poll-evil. Equine and Bovine onchocerciasis
compared, with an account of the life-histories of parasites concerned
V e t . Ree. (N.S.), 15, 1563-1573-
THIENEMANN, AUG. 1928. Chironomiden-Metamorphosen. I. Arch. Hydrobiol.,
19, 585-623.
Family
SIMULIIDAE
(BLACK-FLIES)
THE small flies of this family are of world-wide distribution ; about five hundred
species are now known, of which we have eighteen or nineteen in Britain.
Though classified into rather numerous genera by some writers, it is more
usual and more convenient to include them all in the single genus Simulium.
Simuliidae may easily be recognised by their plump bodies, rather short
legs, and hump-backed shape, which would cause a non-specialist to classify
them as " flies " rather than as " gnats," though their structural features place
them in the suborder Nematocera not far from the midges. In length of body
they vary from about one-sixteenth to about one-quarter of an inch, and are thus
on the average larger than the midges but smaller than the mosquitoes. The
wmgs are unusually broad and have a distinctive venation ; the antennae, which
are alike in the two sexes, are short and bare, with eleven segments. The males,
which do not bite, differ from the females in having their eyes greatly enlarged
and meeting on the top of the head, the facets of the upper part of the eye being
much larger than those of the lower part.
IP—
NEMATOCERA—SIMULIIDAE
ning^WTtfr " i h " ' Simul i idae are passed in running
water. Ihe one exception which proves the rule is the case of V
FIG. 20.-A black-fly [Simulium ornatum Mg.). Side view of ?
^^^ - - -- ^ y at a greater depth
- ^ e . r g e head is provided
organic particles) as it floats bv and th , ^o catch the food (any
half. ll,ediately b hlrd the h^ad s a ^ " ^^^
of the body is a circlet o m ute r ^ ^^^
larvae progress wi h f s ° m o t m , e s miscalled a " sucker." The
applied from'he n Z t T whefdislof f ^
with their anterior p X ' ^ ^ ^¡^ken thread
thread by . . . Z ' l t ? ^ " ! " ^^^
The larva moults six times, changing to a pupa with the final moult. Before
f -..''"Cri Î Ê Î Ê ^ Ê Ê Ê S :