the two former countries, while they are absent from the
latter. Of the three long-tailed monkeys (Semnopithecus)
inhabiting Sumatra, one extends into Borneo, but the two
species of Java are both peculiar to it. So also the great
Malay deer (Rusa equina), and the small Tragulus kanchil,
are common to Sumatra and Borneo, but do not extend into
Java, where they are replaced by Tragulus javanicus. The
tiger, it is true, is found in Sumatra and Java, but not in
Borneo. But as this animal is known to swim well, it
may have found its way across the Straits of Sunda, or it
may have inhabited Java before it was separated from the
main land, and from some unknown cause have ceased to
exist in Borneo.
In Ornithology there is a little uncertainty owing to the
birds of Java and Sumatra being much better known than
those of Borneo ; but the ancient separation of Java as an
island, is well exhibited by the large number of its species
which are not found in any of the other islands. It
possesses no less than seven pigeons peculiar to itself, while
Sumatra has only one. Of its two parrots one extends
into Borneo, but neither into Sumatra. Of the fifteen
species of woodpeckers inhabiting Sumatra only four reach
Java, while eight of them are found in Borneo and twelve
in the Malay peninsula. The two Trogons found in Java
are peculiar to it, while of those inhabiting Sumatra at
least tv o extend to Mhlacca and one to Borneo. There are
a very large number of birds, such as the great Argus
pheasant, the fire-backed and ocellated pheasants, the
crested partridge (Rollulus coronatus), the small Malacca
parrot (Psittinus incertus), the great helmeted hornbill
(Buceroturus galeatus), the pheasant ground-cuckoo (Car-
pococcyx radiatus), the rose-crested bee-eater (Nyctiornis
amicta), the great gaper (Corydon sumatranus), and the
o-reen-crested gaper (Calyptomena viridis), and many
others, which are common to Malacca, Sumatra, and
Borneo, but are entirely absent from Java. On the other
hand we have the peacock, the green jungle cock, two blue
ground thrushes (Arrenga cyanea and Myophonus flavi-
rostris), the fine pink-headed dove (Ptilonopus porphyreus),
three broad-tailed ground pigeons (Macropygia), and many
other interesting birds, which are found nowhere in the
Archipelago out of Java.
Insects furnish us with similar facts wherever sufficient
data are to be had, but owing to the abundant collections
that have been made in Java, an unfair preponderance may
be given to that island. This does not, however, seem to
be the case with the true Papilionidse or swallow-tailed
butterflies, whose large size and gorgeous colouring has led
to their being collected more frequently than other insects.
Twenty-seven species are known from Java, twenty-nine
from Borneo, and only twenty-one from Sumatra. Four
are entirely confined to Java, while only two are peculiar