CHAPTER IVj
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Hangarang ridge separates Kunawar from Piti—Ascent to Hangarang Pass
Alluvial deposit—Steep ascent—View of valley—Limestone rocks—
Caragana versicolor, or Drnna—Camp at 14,000 feet—Top of pass—
View from pass—Vegetation of summit—Descent to Hango—Cultivation
round the village—Luxuriant wild plants—Road to Lio— Crambe—
Ravine of Piti river—Lio—Bridge over Piti river—Ascent to Nako—
Nako—Cultivation of the village—Buddhist temple—Transported blocks
—Chango—Changar—Stopped by villagers on Chinese frontier—Natural
bridge—Kyuri—Alluvium—Clay deposit with shells—Lari—Ramifications
of mountain ranges—Alluvial platforms—Pok—Dankar—Lara—
Rangrig—Upper part of Piti—Climate—Saline exudations . . . 9 6
CHAPTER V.
Leave valley of Piti river—Kibar—Cultivation above 14,000 feet—Vegetation
of mountains—Rocky gorge—Encampment at 17,000 feet—Parang
Pass—Snow-bed and glacier—First plants at 16,500 feet—Parang valley
—Gorge leading to Chumoreri Lake—Kiang, or wild horse—Chumurti
— Remarkable grassy plain-—Lanak Pass— Granite boulders—Plants
above 18,000 feet—Undulating hilly country—Ilanle plain—Vegetation
—Monastery of Hanle . . . . . . . . . 130
CHAPTER VI.
Descend Hanle river—Unsettled weather—Encamp on banks of Indus—
Upper course of Indus — Pugha ravine—Forest of Myriearia trees—•
Borax plain — Hot springs — Borax lakes of Eastern TibetfgSulphur
mine—Pulokanka Pass—Salt lake—iacustrine clays with shells—Ancient
water-mark—Rupchu—Tunglung Pass—Fall of snow—Alluvial conglomerate—
Giah—Narrow ravine— Miru—Upshi—Indus valley—Marsi-
lang—Richly cultivated plain of Chashut—Bridge over Indus—Le—
Buddhist edifices . . . . . . . . . . 155
CHAPTER VII.
Departure from Le—Sabu valley—Pass between Le and Nubra—Snow—
Encamp at 15,500 feet—Digar—Valley of Shayuk—Alluvium—Populus
Pwphratica—Tsatti—Nubra river—District o f Nubra—Villages—Irrigation—
Saline soil—Isolated rocks—Chirasa—Panamik—Lower Nubra—
Platforms of Alluvium—Traces of a great flood—Unmaru—Kuru—Great
contraction of valley—Mountain pass of Waris—Boghdan ravine—Chor-
bat—Mahommedan population—Villages—Outburst of granite—Siksa—
Khapalu—Open plain of Khapalu—Junction of Shayuk and Indus—
Nar—Iskardo plain—Description of Iskardo—Aqueduct—Fort—Lacustrine
clay formation—Vegetation . t . . . . . 187
CHAPTER VIII.
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Leave Iskardo in the direction of Kashmir—First march through snow
to Turgu—Lacustrine clay—it extends into narrow valleys beyond Nar
—Gol—Junction of Indus and Shayuk—Parkuta—Tolti—Kartash—
Extensive lacustrine deposits—Tarkata—Road turns up the Dras river
—Ulding Thung—Fall of snow—Hardas—Karbu—Continued snow—
Dras—Find pass in front shut by deep snow— Obliged to return to
Iskardo—Rafts and rope-bridges on Indus—JElceagnus and Apricot
apparently wild—Winter at I s k a r d o .................................................................223
CHAPTER IX.
Leave Iskardo for Rondu—Insurrection in Gilgit—Koardu—Kamar—
Enter narrow part of Indus valley—Difficult road—Range of mountains
south of Indus—Description of Rondu—Thawar—Avalanches—Alluvium
-—Swing-bridge — Villages — Juniper— Pirms excels a— Rocks—
Vegetation—Return to Iskardo—Agriculture of Balti—Game of Chau-
gan—Chakor hunting—Shigar valley—Journey towards Kashmir—Dras
valley—Karbu—Dras fort—Maten—Cross pass into Kashmir—Baltal—
Valley of Sind river—Sonamarg—Gagangir—Gond—Gangan—Gander-
bal—Enter main valley of Kashmir—Town of Kashmir—Description of
Kashmir—Lacustrine formation—Trap hills—Lake—-Climate—Vegetation
. 248
CHAPTER X.
Environs of Kashmir—City lake—Gardens of Shalimar and Dilawer Khan
Pampur—Avantipura— Platforms of lacustrine clay—Mountain of
Wasterwan—Ancient city—Clay, w ith shells and fragments of pottery—
Ancient temple imbedded in clay—Lakes caused by subsidence—Islamabad—
Shahabad—Vegetation—'Vemag—Banahal Pass—Valley of Bana-
hal—Tropical vegetation—Pass above Chenab Valley—Nasmon—Jhula,
or Swing-bridge—Balota—Ladhe ke Dhar— Katti—Fort of Landar—
Mir—Kirmichi—Tertiary sandstones—Dhuns—Seda—Jamu . . 285
CHAPTER XI.
Leave Jamu to return to Tibet—Lake of Sirohi Sar—Vegetation of lower
hills Dodoncea—Ramnagar—Garta—Dadu, on a tributary of the Chenab
Camp at 10,000 feet—Badarwar—Padri pass—Descend a tributary
of the Ravi—and ascend another towards the north—Sach Joth, or pass
• —Snow-beds—Camp in Chenab v a l l e y .......................................................3 1 5