a good deal of swampy ground, in which grew Par-
nassia, Polygonum viviparum, an Orchis not unlike 0.
latifolia, a Triglochin, and some Carices, all Kunawar
species. Beyond the village, the valley continued open
and hare, hut was very rocky, and covered with
large boulders. There was no wood, except in the ravines,
which were occupied by groves of poplar (P.
ciliata) and walnut; a few trees of the same and of
birch being scattered over the hill-sides. No oak or
Gerard’s pine was seen during the day. The herbaceous
vegetation on the open sunny banks was very
liixuriant, and the species were mostly the same as I
have recorded in a similar situation, and at the same
elevation, on the 13th, after descending from the Sach
pass. I must except the JEremurus, then so abundant,
which was here entirely wanting. There were also a few
novelties. Large tracts were covered with a tall fern
{Pteris aquilina?). After passing through the cultivated
lands of a second village, and crossing some snow-beds,
the road entered a wood of stunted deodars, and, turning
to the left, proceeded up the more northerly of two
ravines, into which the valley here divided. That to
the south, which in direction was a continuation of the
valley, was filled with forest, but the one up which the
road turned was steep and stony, and contained only a
few scattered trees of birch, hazel, and poplar. After a
march of about eight miles, I encamped on an open
level spot, where there were a few fields, and one or
two huts, at present uninhabited, at an elevation of
10,500 feet.
On the 20th, I proceeded further up the same valley,
ascending gently but steadily. The valley was open and
bounded on both sides by steep rocky mountains, those
on the right partially wooded with birch, on the other side
quite bare. Behind, beyond the point from which I had the
day before turned abruptly to the left, rose a lofty snowy
peak, very steep and rocky | in front, only a very small
portion of the snowy range which I was rapidly approaching
could be seen. The stream was for the most
part covered with snow, and the road crossed numerous
snow-beds. At first, the hill-sides were rounded and
covered with vegetation, but very soon the road became
rocky, and was covered as yesterday with enormous
boulders, evidently indicative of a former glacier. These
were all gneiss, which rock also occurred in situ, as
had been the case ever since I had left Chatargarh,
where it replaced the clay-slate, which had been common
on the banks of the Chenab. After walking for
about two miles among these huge masses of rock, I
suddenly emerged into open country, and, after descending
a few feet, entered a level plain, nearly two
miles in length and at least half a mile in width, partly
covered with snow stretching down from the ravines
on each side. This plain appeared to have been at
one time the bed of a small lake; and as its lower end
was crossed by an evident moraine, it seems probable
that a glacier had at some former period crossed the
valley and dammed up the channel of the stream. Small
groves of willow of two distinct species, one twelve to
fifteen feet high, the other not above two or three, were
scattered over this plain. , The surface, where free from
snow, was usually grassy, and near the lower end very