4
mm
THE SFIOULDER.
Two bones compose tlic slioiildor, namely, tlic scapula and clavicle.
T he Scapula, e.
Tills bone is Hat and somewhat triangular; it is situated at tlic exterior edge of tlic body of tlic
mcdmii sternal bone and has n kead, neck, and an inferior flallcxed surface. The head has concave
articular surfaces presenting witlim them deep fossæ for the reception of tendons; it is ovular and
stronger above than below. Tiie neck is rounded and gradually swells out into tlie flattened inferior
surface of tlie bone, whicli oflers at its inner edge an articular surface to that of the other scapula ' at its
anterior surface is a groove foi- the insertion of the lateral apophysis of tlie central sternal bono
Conne.xim. Beliind and above with the liumcrus and clavicle, within to its fellow, before to tlie
sternum, and below with tlie anterioi' sternal arc occasionally,
Plate the fourth, representing a noble fragment of tlie Cliirologostinus discovered by Miss Annine
m 32, which I trausferrcd to the collection of ray friend Henry Tliomas Maire Witham, Esquire, &c. &c
of Brougli Flail and Edinbro’, demonstrates the scapulæ nearly in their proper places.
T he Clavi / .
The clavicle is a long cylindrical bone, situated at the upper part of tlie thoracic cavity It is
divided into n body, a sternal, and a scapular extremity. The body enlarges as it extends upwards,
and is slightly convex externally, within concave. Tlie sternal extremity is tlie thinnest part of tho
bone and has an articular surface ; the scapular has its long axis from before to behind, and two
articular concavities.
Connexion. Behind and below with tlie liumcrus, before with the scapula and above and anteriorly
with the sternal arch.
THE ARM. g.
Tlie arm ov lumvcros la tlio lavgc.t and strongest bone in Ichtlijosanri, and is divided Into a body
and two owlTowiti,,. Tho nppor part of the body is rough and roondod. on its snporiot surface t
a groove for the iaaertion of mosolo; at its sides and towards its lower extremity it is Ilattened The
.»pern,- owtremity fills the glenoid cavity formed by tho scapula and ol.viofei it is greatly tnborculated
at ,B circuinferenoo. Tho footortor oxtrwmly olfers two articular fosstu for the bones of the fore-arm
C-ormanoii. Antonorly with the scapula and clavide, posteriorly with tho radius and ulna
THE FORE-ARM
Tlie fore a
three of which
is composed of tlic radius {h) and the ulna (i). Tlic radius is a fiat bone of four edges,
articular. Its external and non-articular edge is thin, concave and irregular.
Connexion. Without and anteriorly to tlie humerus, within to the cuneiformis and below to the
scnphoidcs.
Tim ulna is equally flattenod with the radios, and has also throe drlioida, odgeo, and a ooMilynar
non-articular one. ■ o > •
Connexion. Witliin and before to tlie humerus, without to the cuneifonnis and below to the
pisiform bone. The radius and ulna likewise articulate with one another.
THE PADDLE.
The last division of the anterior extremity is formed by the bones of the paddle. These compose
the carpus, tlie meta-carpus and the phalangal rows.
. They are more circular
T he Carpus.
sosnW? w “ to" ' " “to "™ ' ‘"to W ' «»" totoWM, containing tho
sc.phmd, ounoiforn. and pisiform bones; the tower o, digital tiro Ir.apedum, tmpoeoid and uneifer.n
The scaphoid bone O') „ th e most external of tho cubital row; it is rounded aud a.ticulatos above
With the radius, below witli the trapezium and witliin to tlie cuneiformis.
Ttie cuneiform bone is placed like a wedge between tho radius and ulna, with both of wliich ii
articulates Its o the r/mir arlicxdatory surfaces attach it outwardly to the scaphoid and trapezium
withm to tho pisiform and ulna and below to the trapezoid I'apczui.n,
The pisile,,,,. whfel, is like the ulna but sm.llet, is situated below it; it prosonts artiotdar edge
Ó, r ia d H l“ ? ” ' T On the ladial side is place7d ,t°ho“ 't“ra“pe zium, the first bone of the di"g“ittao"l ”r'o"w’ , which is lai-chro ntheaon. the
the trapczo.d within and ^ the carpal extremity of the external meta-carpal bono inferiorly
The trapezoid. as well as the trapezium and unciform bones, is not so angular as those of tho cubital
row. Above it presents an articular su rf ace to tlie cuneiform, witliout to the trapezium within to the
unciform and pisiform, and bolow to the bases of the first and second mcta-carpal bones ’
The last bone of the digital row of tile carpus, which we have to describe is the unciform Like
hose of the ulna and p.s.form, its external edge is semi-lunar. It is situated beneath the pisiform
the trapczo.d, and above the second and third mcta-carpals, to all of which it presents articular edges.
T he Meta-carpus.
This division, which contains three bones, supports tiie firet phalangal r
tlian the carpal bones, and much resemble one anotlicr.
The first meta-carpal articulates above with tlie trapezium and trapezoid. within and below to the
second meta-carpal and the outer bone of tho first phalangal row.
The reconfii. largo, thiru the prerediiig, and pre.enta articular „rfaeee, above to the trapcaoid,
Withm to the uuciform and third meta-oa.pal, without to the outer pholaug.al row, aud I,alow to the base
ol the first bone of tlie second phalangal row.
The third meta-carpal hone i. roande, than the preeodiag bones, and artionlates above with the
unciform, withm to the second meta-carpal bone, and below to the second phalangal row.
T he P halanges.
The Iiliolaogos arc composed of four rows, contuining thirty-eovcn bones, in the following o rd e r :-
The fii-st and radial phalangal row ............................ u .
The second ................................................................... \2
The third.......................................................................... j j
Tlie fourtli and u ln a r.................................................... 3
All tho phalangoB grow loss nnd loss towards their termination, and wider npart. Cartilaginons
masses were, doubtless, interposed between them. ®
TH E POST EHIOK E X T R EM IT IE S .
Tlic posterior extrcmilios arc divided into tlio femur, leg, and posterior paddle.
THE FEMUR, h.
This bone resembles the hnmoro. in shape, but is ratlior s.nallor. The W , forming its pelvic
articulatory surface, is strongly marked with depressions for ligamoiits. A large f e u a is seen upon its
mnor and upper surfnoo for tho attaohmont of the lig.meatum teres. Commencing at the posterior part
of lltc head ,s seen a gnootio, whicli runs the whole length of the hone. It is rongh and striated for the