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sea, because it runs obliquely between them. T h e distance appears to be no greater than 72 miles on an E N E course, from Ghinna to the nearest part o f the coast. C a iro , b y the mean o f several accounts, is about 5 9 G . miles to the west o f S u e z , equal to i° 8' o f longitude. + S o that C a iro should stand in the Nile, at five hours above Ghinna. The camel’s rate is z\ British miles by the road: consequently less than two G. miles in direct distance. M.Savaiy had much the same idea of the distance; for he‘ reckons it '*33 'french leagues. (Vol. ii. letter 2.) But his Map has 70 G. miles only: Pocock’s * Mr. Irwin reckons the bearing WNW from Kosire to Ghinna; doubtless by compass. The variation might be 13 to 14 degrees: whence Ghinna would bear W 9° N from Kosire: Banute, which is stated to be about five hours to the south of Ghinna, . will there- fore by this account bear i ° i N of W from Kosire. Mr. Irwin was certainly very near the mark; though a little too much northerly. It appears that Banute is in lat. 25° 47' 3°" in D’Anville, and is 8 min. N of Negada; at which place, Mr. Bruce observed the latitude to be 25° 53' 30". Consequently D’Anville is 14 min. too far south in this part. Apply this to Banute, and we have 26° 1' 30*. Kosire lies, in 26° 8', and Banute is. then to the south of it, in reality, by several minutes. At Syene, Mr. Bruce’s latitude is 11 min. north of D ’Anville’s. Not to go into extremes, I have taken Banute at ; min. S o f Kosire, Ghinna 3 min. N of i t ; or 26« 1 1'. D ’Anville places Ghinna in 26° 1'. It was of importance that these parallels of the places should be adjusted, t The principal authorities are the following: M. Niebuhr reckoned between Suez and the Lake of the Pilgrims, situated at 6,9 G, miles E 38 N from Cairo, - 2gh . 0m M. Volney, - - _ _ 2^ _______ Dr. Pocock, - - , _ _ 29 15 ; mean 28 58 I Add from the Lake to Cairo, as it is usually reckoned, - 3 _ or say 32 hours 3; 58 But as there are (besides the just mentioned 3 hours, in a direction of about 40° from the general line o f direction) 3J hours more between Suez and Ajerud, at much the same angle, a considerable reduction of the direct distance must take place, probably about i f hour: whence there remains 30J. And as Dr. Shaw states the general report o f the distance to be 30 hours, it may be conceived that this is the actual distance, by the shortest route, which leaves the Lake and Ajerud to the north. And for these, 59 G. miles direct may be allowed. M. D ’Anville allowed 60. 3 19 2 0 . I T h e Con. de Temps has 3 1° 2 9 '; but it is probable that S u e z is the best determined o f the two places. M r . Bru c e had observations o f longitude at K o s ire and Syene (o r A s suan); T h e first he gives at 34p 4 ': and Capt. W h ite at 34° 3 '. B u t as ICapt. W h ite gives its latitude at 26° r8 ', whilst M r. B ru c e found it on ly 26° 8', we may suppose that the former did not approach the coast near enough to discriminate particulars. M r . B ru c e ’ s parallel intersects the coast in Capt. W h ite ’s chart, in- Ion. 340 8 ': and I have adopted that fo r the place o f Ko s ire . Capt. W h ite may perhaps have mistaken the old fo r new K o s ire . • Syene is g iv en at 33° 30' b y M r . B ru c e , making 20 10 ' east from C a i r o ; whereas M . D ’A n v ille has no more than 4 1 minutes o f easting. H ence arises a difference o f 12 degrees in the bea rin g : M . D ’A n v ille ’s being ab ou t N 9 W ; Bru c e ’s N 21 W : o r nearly parallel to the shore o f the R ed sea. T h e longitude o f Sennar is 330 30' 30 " ac co rdin g to M r . B ru c e . In this p articular is found the widest difference between D ’A n v ille and B r u c e ; the former placing it no less than 3°' 50' more to the wes t; that is, D ’A n v ille has it, i ° 4 1 ' west o f C a iro , B ru c e 2° 9 ' east o f it. In effect, then, the general course o f the N ile below Sennar lies to the west o f north, instead o f the contrary, as described in the imperfect materials offered to M . D ’A n v ille . F o r we cannot doubt the g en e ral truth o f M r . B ru c e s geographical positions, although we may not be inclined to allow them e v e ry point o f accuracy. In the observation o f longitude at K o sire, we have seen that he comes v e ry near to Capt. W h ite : and his lon gitude o f C a iro , is more exact, o r more in harmony with Capt. W h ite ’s observations at S u e z , than the longitude recorded in the Con. de Temps. W e have moreover another observation o f longitude taken b v M r . Bru c e at the eastern source o f the Nile, 36 “ 5 5 ' 30", (lat. 10“ 59 '), from whence on e route leads eastward to the shore o f the R ed sea at Masua, another westward to Sennar. Admitting his observations to be e v e r so coarsely these routes must have afforded so considerable a ch e ck, to the distance between Ma sua and- Sennar, as to have precluded any v e ry great error, in a


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